№ 1 (41), 2022
Academic journal “Eurasian Union: Issues of International Relations”. Volume 11, Issue 1 (41), 2022
CONTENTS
HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
- Abramova M.A. Problems and Prospects of Russia's Cooperation in the Eurasian Scientific and Educational Space
- Wang Juntao. Prospects for Deepening Economic and Trade Cooperation Between China and the Eurasian Economic Union in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative
- Zhang Wanting, Lyubina D.E. Security Issues in Central Asia in the Context of the Development of the "One Belt, One Road" Initiative: Coverage of Events in Kazakhstan by Chinese Media
- Abdusselam Tepe. The Economic Factor in Turkey's Relations with the Arab States of the Persian Gulf
- Avetisyan A.S. Conceptualising the Process of Transnational Lobbying within the Framework of the Direction of Research on Governance Interactions of Political Actors
- Gao Chang. The Impact of Diplomatic Relations Between China and Lithuania on the Timber Trade Between the Two Countries
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
- Ayupova Z.K., Kussainov D.U., Dzhankadyrov S.S. Tolerance as the Basis of Political Culture and Ensuring Stability in the Society
- Shatrov M.S. War in the Mental Dimension
HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.41.1.001
M.A. ABRAMOVA Doctor of Sciences (Education), Leading Researcher, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Head of the Department Institute of Philosophy and Law SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RUSSIA'S COOPERATION IN THE EURASIAN SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL SPACE
The article raises the problem of identifying trends that determine the prospects for the development of cooperation between Russia in the Eurasian educational space. This problem is considered through the prism of the concepts of balance of power, "soft power" and the communication paradigm. The author shows that at the present stage of studying social processes, a gradual transition to the perception of social institutions, including institutes of science and education, as participants in the communication space is obvious. As part of the creation of a single Eurasian educational space, traditional communication models have received a new reading, focusing on the characteristics of participants in social communications, which are no longer individual respondents, but educational organizations and even countries.
As a result of the analysis of trends, as well as a wide range of diverse sources of both Russian and foreign authors, it was revealed that, on the one hand, the complexity of the model of interaction between countries within the Eurasian educational space is influenced by the needs of the formation of a competitive image, taking into account the criteria used by cross-country comparative studies. On the other hand, it is important for each of the states to preserve its uniqueness, despite attempts to adapt to global processes. One of the important integration factors that allow creating prerequisites for preserving one's scientific and educational space in the post-Soviet countries is still the Russian language as a means of international communication. The relevance of its study has been increasing in recent years, including due to the actions of various public organizations.
In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion that, given the highlighted trends and the active manifestation of interest in entering the Eurasian educational space of other countries: Turkey, China, Great Britain, Germany, Hungary, etc., one of the possible ways to maintain the balance of power and indirect influence of Russia is the development and strengthening of the influence of digital channels that support international scientific and educational cooperation.
Key words: Eurasian educational space, socio-cultural space, Russia, CIS countries, SCO, EAEU, balance and stability of the system.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.41.1.002
WANG JUNTAO Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
PROSPECTS FOR DEEPENING ECONOMIC AND TRADE COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE
The article analyzes the ways and possibilities of strengthening and developing trade and economic cooperation between China and the EEU countries. The author considers the following measures to deepen cooperation: the development of energy trade, the improvement of China's foreign trade and investment environment, the opening of new markets to reduce production capacity. All five countries of the Union are important partners of China in the construction of the Belt and Road. They have strong economic complementarity and great potential for trade cooperation with China. Goals and objectives. The purpose and objective of the study is to analyze new opportunities for the entry into force of the "Agreement on Economic and Trade Cooperation between China and the EEU" and the prospects for trade and economic cooperation between China and the EEU countries. Methods. Empirical research methods, search and analysis of information from mass media, analysis and comparison of data, comparison and generalization were used in the work.
Results. In accordance with the "One Belt, One Road" strategy, the entry into force of the Agreement will strengthen China's position as the largest trading partner of the Eurasian Economic Union. Thanks to various trade and investment facilitation measures, the cost of exporting Chinese goods and services will be reduced, and this will inevitably help open up new markets for China's production capacity.
Summary. Although the agreement does not provide tariff benefits, it is of great importance to promote trade and investment facilitation between China and the five countries. Therefore, in the context of the Belt and Road initiative, China should perceive the entry into force of the Agreement as an opportunity to continuously promote innovative mechanisms of economic and trade cooperation and increase the level of economic and trade cooperation with the countries of the alliance.
Key words: China, Russia, Central Asia, Eurasian Economic Union, trade cooperation, foreign trade, energy trade.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.41.1.003
ZHANG WANTING PhD in Economic Sciences, Director of the Research Center OBOR" and "EAEU" at North-West University, Xi'an, China
D.E. LYUBINA Senior lecturer, Department of International Relations, Institute of Humanities, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia
SECURITY ISSUES IN CENTRAL ASIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE "ONE BELT, ONE ROAD" INITIATIVE: COVERAGE OF EVENTS IN KAZAKHSTAN BY CHINESE MEDIA
Introduction. In the last decade, Kazakhstan has occupied an important place in the development of transport corridors of the Chinese initiative "One Belt – One Road". Bilateral relations between China and Kazakhstan are at a high level, as representatives of both states note. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of ensuring stability and security along the China – Europe land transport routes for China itself. In this regard, China could not help but pay attention to the riots that swept Kazakhstan in January 2022. The opinion and position of the Chinese authorities and analysts was most clearly seen in media publications.
Goals and objectives. The study and analysis of the content of publications in the Chinese media devoted to the January events in Kazakhstan are the main purpose of the work. It is interesting, first of all, not a simple description of events and the frequency of their appearance in the media, but rather an analysis of the causes of these events and an assessment of the actions of the Kazakh authorities, as well as the position taken by China on this issue.
Methods. Empirical research methods, search and analysis of materials from mass media, comparison and generalization, as well as the initial stage of content analysis with the allocation of the main criteria for the analysis of the materials which were used in the work.
Results. During the analysis of Chinese media materials on the January events in Kazakhstan, the interest of the Chinese side in this issue was revealed. Also, there is obvious support for the Russian and Kazakh points of view on the causes of these events and, in addition, China's interest in maintaining stability in Central Asia to ensure China's independence in trade routes to Europe.
Conclusions. Against the background of the indisputable importance of the safety of Chinese land transport routes to Russia and Europe, unrest and instability in Kazakhstan could not but cause excitement among Chinese politicians and business representatives. It can be said that the Chinese media demonstrated a balanced analysis of the causes of instability in Kazakhstan. The reasons were not only internal factors, but also the possibility of external intervention. In the official assessment of the events, the Chinese authorities supported the government of Kazakhstan and paid great attention to the role of the CSTO in resolving the situation.
Key words: Central Asian region, transport corridors, media publications, security, Kazakhstan, China.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.41.1.004
ABDUSSELAM TEPE General Director Sellona LLC Graduate student RUDN, Moscow, Russia
THE ECONOMIC FACTOR IN TURKEY'S RELATIONS WITH THE ARAB STATES OF THE PERSIAN GULF
This article is devoted to influence of the economic driver on development of the relations between Turkey and Arab states of the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) in the first twenty years of the 21st century during the reign of the Party of Freedom and Justice in Turkey. This article provides:
– Analysis of the background and main drivers of the economic cooperation of Turkey with Arab states of the Persian Gulf;
– Research of the economic partnership of Turkey and the Gulf states in the domains of investments, energy sector, construction and real estate;
– Analysis of influence of political tensions and contradictions between Turkish Republic from one side and Saudi Arabia and UAE from the other on their economic relations.
To the opinion of the author, process of the Turkish-Arab economic rapprochement had natural character. Author explains it by the complementability of their economics. However political and geopolitical frictions between Turkey and some Arabian monarchies in 2016-2021 had negative impact on this partnership.
Key words: Turkey, foreign policy and geopolitical conflicts, foreign policy.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.41.1.005
A.S. AVETISYAN PhD student, Political Science Department, Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow, Russia
CONCEPTUALISING THE PROCESS OF TRANSNATIONAL LOBBYING WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE DIRECTION OF RESEARCH ON GOVERNANCE INTERACTIONS OF POLITICAL ACTORS
The article is devoted to the study of transnational corporations' activities in interaction with public authorities. The activities of modern business organisations have assumed the role of an active and influential actor in modern international relations. Corporations have entered a phase of transnationalism, giving global corporations the position of systemic actors of the modern world order, along with nation states and the emerging global community. Transnational corporations now come to the forefront in their parameters, directly affecting the systemic components of the future economic order.
Key words: transnational lobbying, transnational corporations, corporate political activity, political management, lobbying.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.41.1.006
GAO CHANG Graduate student Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
THE IMPACT OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND LITHUANIA ON THE TIMBER TRADE BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES
The article is devoted to the analysis of topical issues related to the impact of diplomatic relations between China and Lithuania on the timber trade between the two countries. During the study, it was noted that the crisis at the international level between Lithuania and China arose in connection with the withdrawal of Lithuania from the 17+1 format, as well as the decision to open a Lithuanian representative office in Taiwan. The article presents different points of view on the development prospects and dynamics of trade in Lithuanian timber industry products with Chinese partners. A separate emphasis is placed on the significance and role of the industry under study in the economy of the Republic of Lithuania. The results of the trade blockade of China that are already visible to date are also analyzed.
Key words: trade, China, Lithuania, woodworking industry, blockade, export, import.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.41.1.007
Z.K. AYUPOVA Doctor of Law, Professor of KazNARU, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
D.U. KUSSAINOV Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of KazNPU named after Abai, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
S.S. DZHANKADYROV Master, Senior Lecturer of KazNPU named after Abai, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
TOLERANCE AS THE BASIS OF POLITICAL CULTURE AND ENSURING STABILITY IN THE SOCIETY
For the multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state, such as the Republic of Kazakhstan, one of the important conditions for the development is the political stability, which is provided by the number of factors, including the establishment of sociocultural foundations of the tolerance in the society. In the political science literature, tolerance is considered as the principle of patience of one social subject to the social, political, ethnic, confessional, and other characteristics of another social subject, i.e. as the recognition of ideological, religious, socio-political, cultural, national and ethical pluralism. Pluralism, from the other side, involves the interaction of the social partners on the basis of equality, openness to the social experience of the other, and the preservation of confessional communities of the religious associations. Every citizen in our country follows his own religious beliefs and recognizes the same right of others. Today the problem of the religious tolerance is naturally one of the most relevant and actively discussed issues in the modern, rapidly changing, contradictory world. Religious tolerance should be considered as the complex phenomenon of public consciousness, in which ideological and socio-psychological attitudes combine and allow the legitimacy of multiple religious traditions. Religious tolerance should also be perceived as concrete actions at the levels of individuals, social structures, and the state. In other words, religious tolerance is the value and social norm of the civil society, manifested in the right of all its individuals to be different both by religion and confessional affiliation.
Key words: political culture, political stability, interethnic harmony, inter-confessional relations, worldview, pluralism, religious confessions.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.41.1.008
M.S. SHATROV Student of the Faculty of International Relations of MGIMO University of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia
WAR IN THE MENTAL DIMENSION
The article is devoted to the analysis of a new type of wars, which are a struggle for minds of peoples in order to form or change their worldview. This new type of warfare conducted by states in the information and mental space has received the name "cognitive war" in the works of foreign researchers, and in the domestic scientific literature it is known as "mental war".
The article examines what goals the state may pursue during a mental war, and also describes the main methods and technologies of conducting a "war for mind" which contribute to achieving these goals and defeating the enemy. In addition, considerable attention is paid to the necessary protective actions of the state, against which the rival state actively uses mental warfare technologies, seeking to undermine the civilizational foundations of its society.
The main purpose of the article is to formulate and substantiate specific measures that the Russian state needs to take at the present stage of mental confrontation with the West.
Key words: mental war, cognitive war, insurgency-war, Ilnitsky A.I., Messner E.E., ideology.