№ 7 (72), 2025

• Print
• Email

Academic journal “Eurasian Union: Issues of International Relations”. Volume 14, Issue 7 (72), 2025

CONTENTS

POLITICAL ISSUES

• Batyanovsky V.V., Obukhov M.A., Maystat M.A. The Figure of Lenin as a Political Extrapolation of Modernity: Theoretical and Applied Aspect
• Vasiliev I.S., Gavrilchak N.A., Suslin S.S. GR as a Tool for Business-Government Interaction in Russia in the Absence of Lobbying Legislation
• Fatykhov Sh.R. The Influence of the Religious Aspect in Politics on the National Security of the Russian Federation
• Khazipov I.I. Climate Agenda in the Electoral Campaigns of Green Parties in France and Germany in the 21st Century

ECONOMICAL ISSUES

• Kurbanov N.I., Davletyarov M.M. Economic Relations of the Republic of Tatarstan as Part of Russia and Turkmenistan at the Present Stage

HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

• Shitkov S.V. Data Sovereignty and Infrastructure Power: the Russian Approach in Comparative Perspective
• Berlov A.V., Shlyakhtunov A.G. The Boundless Boundaries of the Scientific Heritage of the Russian Diaspora in the First Third of the 20-th Century and its Significance for Modern Russia
• Bobokhonov K.N. The Role of Cultural and Educational Projects in International Relations: Examples of the Paradiplomacy of Tatarstan's Regional Paradiplomacy in Central Asian Countries
• Nikitaeva D.G. Russia's Resources in the Sphere of Foreign Policy Influence of Russian Cultural Policy
• Rogatov P.D. The Role of Non-Profit Organizations in Cross-Border Educational Mobility: an Institutional Analysis of the Interaction of State and Non-State Actors in the CIS
• Agaronyan M.A. Pro-Russian Agenda in Post-Revolutionary Armenia
• Alborova M.B., Malynina P.D. Scientific and Technological Cooperation of the EAEU Countries: Trends and Prospects (Part I)
• Bazhanova E.S. Priority Areas of Russia's Foreign Policy Activities to Form a New World Order
• Bdoyan D.G., Gavrilchak N.A., Suslin S.S. The LAPSSET Transport Corridor as an Element of China's Infrastructure Strategy in Africa
• Kalachev E.G. Contemporary US Policy Towards Cyprus
• Kuliyev A.A. Geopolitics, Islam and Power: Features of Political Leadership in Azerbaijan and Turkey
• Matosova A.P. Global Nuclear Security: the Crisis of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime and the Erosion of the "Nuclear Taboo"
• Pliev S.M. Historical and Political Analysis of the Problem of Harmonizing the Principles of Territorial Integrity and National Self-Determination in International Relations
• Uksusnikov P.B. Main Areas of Strategic Competition Between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China: Political Analysis
• Tsaranova A.I. Scientific and Analytical Support for U.S. Foreign Policy on the Russian Track after February 2022

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

• Medvedeva V.K., Medvedev N.P. Contemporary Youth Policy: Patriotic Education and Personal Socialization

POLITICAL ISSUES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.005

V.V. BATYANOVSKY Master's student of Moscow State University Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

M.A. OBUKHOV Master's student of the Institute of Social and Humanitarian Education of Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia

M.A. MAYSTAT Ph.D. (Candidate of Political Sciences), Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science of Institute of History and Policy of Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

THE FIGURE OF LENIN AS A POLITICAL EXTRAPOLATION OF MODERNITY: THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ASPECT

Annotation. The article analyzes the theoretical and applied foundations of the work of the revolutionary and founder of the Soviet state V. I. Lenin. It was revealed that the Leader, guided by political considerations, sought not only to conquer power, but also to social reorganization, which implied the dominance of party leaders over all public spheres, including the economy, society, politics and culture. The basis of this dominance was to be socialism, a socio-political system that implies the concentration of all public goods in one center. By means of socialism, V. I. Lenin was going to accumulate normative, power and utilitarian resources for the mental transformation of the axiological person who was not ready for life in a communist society. However, through transdisciplinary analysis, it was revealed that the Leader could not achieve his goals. The social structure, which implied the hierarchical subordination of those below to those above, could not contribute to the value stereotyping of self-organization. Rather, the structure fostered norms of subordination and ethical detachment that implied either conformism or an emphasis on statism.

Key words: Lenin, party, socialism, revolution, values, masse.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.014

I.S. VASILIEV Master’s degree, school of governance and politics, MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia

N.A. GAVRILCHAK Master’s degree, school of governance and politics, MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia

S.S. SUSLIN Master’s degree, school of governance and politics, MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia

GR AS A TOOL FOR BUSINESS-GOVERNMENT INTERACTION IN RUSSIA IN THE ABSENCE OF LOBBYING LEGISLATION

In the absence of a lobbying law in Russia, the practice of Government Relations (GR) has become a key instrument for institutional interaction between business and the state. This article explores the theoretical foundations of GR, its core functions, its application in both corporate and entrepreneurial contexts, and its distinctions from lobbying activity. Special attention is given to the role of public organizations and business associations as a compensatory mechanism for representing the interests of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The analysis emphasizes GR as a form of political management that enables the transformation of economic interests into political objectives addressed within the framework of public policy. The aim of the study is to identify the opportunities and limitations for the institutional development of GR in modern Russia and to outline directions for enhancing the legitimacy and transparency of private-public sector interaction.

The article identifies the key functions of GR as both a managerial and political tool, analyzes the conditions of its effectiveness depending on business scale, and highlights the role of business associations in compensating for the lack of GR resources. The study shows that in the absence of legal regulation of lobbying, public organizations serve as the foundation for a stable GR system in Russia.

Based on the research findings, the authors conclude that GR in contemporary Russia represents an established mechanism for business-government interaction, fulfilling the function of political representation and interest coordination. Under conditions of limited resources for SMEs and the public’s negative perception of lobbying, public and business associations play a crucial role in enabling institutionalized engagement between business and the state.

Key words: GR, lobbying, business and government, business associations, public organizations, institutionalization, political representation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.001

Sh.R. FATYKHOV Postgraduate Student, Military University named after Prince Alexander Nevsky, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE INFLUENCE OF THE RELIGIOUS ASPECT IN POLITICS ON THE NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Introduction. This article examines the main theoretical approaches to identifying the influence of the religious aspect in politics on the national security of the Russian Federation. It examines the key topic of the study – the role of the religious element in the context of the country's national security. The concepts of "influence" and "national security" are examined in detail.

Objective: To analyze theoretical approaches to identifying the influence of the religious aspect in politics on the national security of the Russian Federation.

Objectives: To identify the positions and conclusions of Russian and foreign scholars specializing in political science, religious studies, and regional policy; to explore the range of achievements and developments in the context of the country's national security.

Methods: abstraction, deduction, induction, research, description, generalization, synthesis, comparison, systematization.

Results: Three of the most common theoretical approaches to defining the interaction between religion and politics are examined and outlined.

Conclusions: Religion has been and remains an active component of international and domestic political life. The role of the religious factor in politics cannot be understood without considering a crucial feature of religion: its readiness and ability to rapidly institutionalize. This ability to frame particular, historically volatile political interests in a universal, timeless form, using a special symbolic language that mystifies the true earthly roots of these interests, making religion an effective means of manipulating people. Religion is not simply a belief in God or gods, but also a ramified system of specific social institutions that actively seek their influence in society. For this reason alone, it represents a de facto element of politics.

Key words: public policy, religion, national security, deliberate and unconscious political influence.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.002

I.I. KHAZIPOV Post-graduate, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

CLIMATE AGENDA IN THE ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS OF GREEN PARTIES IN FRANCE AND GERMANY IN THE 21st CENTURY

This article analyzes the participation of Green parties in France and Germany in electoral campaigns of the 21st century and their role in promoting the climate agenda. The author examines the specifics of electoral strategies, programmatic demands, and interaction of Green parties with other political actors. Special attention is given to the impact of institutional frameworks, electoral systems, and social factors on election outcomes and the degree of climate policy integration at the national level. The study may be of interest to researchers in political science, environmental policy, and comparative party system analysis.

Key words: Green parties, climate policy, elections, environmental movements, France, Germany, political strategies, electorate.

ECONOMICAL ISSUES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.016

N.I. KURBANOV Intern-researcher at the Institute of International Studies (IIS) of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0000-0003-4820-1373 SPIN-code: 9297-8438

M.M. DAVLETYAROV Advisor to the General Director of the public-law company "Single Customer in Construction", Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0000-7218-2542

ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN AS PART OF RUSSIA AND TURKMENISTAN AT THE PRESENT STAGE

This article analyzes the institutionalization of economic ties between Turkmenistan and the Russian Republic of Tatarstan, as well as the development of the legal and political basis for bilateral dialogue. The article uses the methods of legal, geopolitical, economic and structural-functional analysis, as well as media monitoring.

Key words: Tatarstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, transport, KAMAZ, Tatneft, trade and economic cooperation.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.008

S.V. SHITKOV Candidate of Juridical Sciences, Acting Rector, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Vice Rector for Legal Affairs, MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia

DATA SOVEREIGNTY AND INFRASTRUCTURE POWER: THE RUSSIAN APPROACH IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

The article examines the Russian model of digital sovereignty as a combination of legal regulation, control over digital infrastructure, and foreign policy practices. The theoretical framework integrates the “practice turn” in international relations (sovereignty as a competency reproduced through routine practices – standardization, certification, testing, etc.), the realist concept of infrastructural power (the role of control over networks and data as a carrier of sovereignty), institutionalism of regime complexity (the intersection of cybersecurity, trade, and human rights), and constructivist analysis of norms (the contradiction between the principle of data sovereignty and the ideology of free data flow). The empirical basis includes an analysis of key Russian legislative acts, official documents from China and India. Additionally, the regional context of the EAEU and global processes are taken into account.

It is demonstrated that the Russian model relies on the “sovereignization” of infrastructure and data, shaping its foreign policy agenda around international information security and the digital autonomy of alliances. Practical implications include strengthened interagency coordination, the development of national platforms, digital integration within the EAEU, and Russia’s participation in shaping multilateral norms.

Key words: digital sovereignty, data sovereignty, infrastructural power, Russian Federation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.003

A.V. BERLOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University), Moscow, Russia

A.G. SHLYAKHTUNOV Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor at the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

THE BOUNDLESS BOUNDARIES OF THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF THE RUSSIAN DIASPORA IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 20-TH CENTURY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR MODERN RUSSIA

The article examines the process of formation of the phenomenon of emigration at different historical stages of the formation of human society, analyzes the role, features of this phenomenon and its characteristic features in the history of the Russian state. Special attention is paid to the first third of the 20th century, when a galaxy of outstanding representatives of the intelligentsia of the Russian diaspora of the first wave continued to create and create, offering a significant number of unique ideas and discoveries in all fields of science, while maintaining close ties with their Homeland and continuing to make a significant contribution to the spiritual life of Russia. The Russian academic elite abroad has provided a unique example of how, despite the isolated difficulties caused by adapting to new living conditions, they can manage not to lose, but to safely use and develop their own knowledge and skills, preserving their academic heritage and avoiding the loss of professionalism. From the authors' point of view, an appeal to the history of Russian scientific emigration is important for a number of reasons. Firstly, it helps to successfully overcome various kinds of disagreements in society, and avoids the repetition of wrong decisions. Secondly, there is a clear need to further deepen and comprehensively expand the analysis of the activities of the Russian scientific community in order to more accurately understand current migration trends with the participation of Russian scientists.

Key words: emigration, Russian diaspora, conciliar type of behavior, institutions of scientific thought, scientific schools in exile, Russian scientific centers, cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.004

K.N. BOBOKHONOV Post-graduate, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia

THE ROLE OF CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: EXAMPLES OF THE PARADIPLOMACY OF TATARSTAN'S REGIONAL PARADIPLOMACY IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES

The purpose of the study is to analyze the role of cultural and educational exchanges in strengthening international relations with Central Asia using the example of the regional diplomacy of the Republic of Tatarstan. The article examines the mechanisms through which Tatarstan, as one of the leading regions of the Russian Federation, uses cultural and educational paradiplomacy to develop bilateral ties with the countries of Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The research examines key areas of cooperation, such as academic exchanges, joint cultural projects, and participation in international festivals and exhibitions. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the impact of these initiatives on the expansion of economic and cultural contacts between the regions. The study also includes an assessment of the challenges and prospects for the development of Tatarstan's paradiplomacy, as well as opportunities for further cooperation in the framework of new technologies and innovations. The work demonstrates the importance of cultural and educational diplomacy as an instrument of regional foreign policy, contributing to strengthening the positions of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Federation in the international arena.

Key words: paradiplomacy, Republic of Tatarstan, Central Asia, cultural exchanges, educational cooperation, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, international relations, regional policy, innovative technologies.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.009

D.G. NIKITAEVA Vice-Rector for Continuing Professional Education and Public Relations, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIA'S RESOURCES IN THE SPHERE OF FOREIGN POLICY INFLUENCE OF RUSSIAN CULTURAL POLICY

The article provides a comprehensive study of Russia's opportunities to employ tools of modern cultural policy for foreign policy influence. It analyzes the key means and directions through which the Russian state implements its "soft power" strategy: promoting the Russian language as an international means of communication, educational and academic expansion, and the development of science and scientific diplomacy. The theoretical and practical aspects of using these resources, their institutional support, development dynamics, as well as emerging challenges and prospects are examined. Special attention is given to a comparative analysis with foreign models and the specifics of the domestic approach to forming a competitive cultural space in the international arena.

Key words: cultural policy, foreign policy influence, soft power, Russian language, science diplomacy, public diplomacy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.010

P.D. ROGATOV Master of the Department of World Politics, School of Governance and Politics, MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS IN CROSS-BORDER EDUCATIONAL MOBILITY: AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION OF STATE AND NON-STATE ACTORS IN THE CIS

Studying abroad in the former Soviet Union is governed by specific rules and procedures that determine access, effectiveness, and outcomes for thousands of students each year. This study identifies operational mechanisms between non-governmental organizations and government agencies coordinating educational mobility in the CIS; their effectiveness is quantified using empirical indicators. The study used mixed methods to analyze 180 NPOs through a documentary review (500 sources), semi-structured interviews (n=90 in five capitals), and stakeholder surveys (n=350). A qualitative comparative analysis, social media metrics, and multinominal regression models examined institutional configurations. Four models of interaction were identified: delegation of authority (28% of NGOs), co-funding (22%), consultative (19%), and autonomous (31%). Organizational autonomy correlated with program effectiveness (r=0.67, p<0.01). Model A achieved 78% growth in the number of participants over three years; costs per student ranged from $1,200 (Model A) to $2,100 (Model D).

Key words: civil society, transnational education, governance models, student migration, post-Soviet space, partnership framework, academic exchange.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.006

M.A. AGARONYAN Postgraduate student at the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of the Scientific Research Center "Construction" JSC, Moscow, Russia

PRO-RUSSIAN AGENDA IN POST-REVOLUTIONARY ARMENIA

The article examines the transformations of the pro-Russian agenda in Armenia after the "Velvet Revolution" of 2018. Special attention is given to the impact of the Nagorno-Karabakh wars of 2020 and 2023 on public sentiment and the country's foreign policy direction. Key factors determining the maintenance or weakening of pro-Russian positions are analyzed: military-political cooperation, economic dependence, humanitarian ties, the activities of the Armenian diaspora in Russia, and media influence. Informal channels of Russia's "soft power" in Armenia are studied separately, including educational and religious connections, as well as new trends in the information space. In conclusion, three scenarios for the development of Armenia's foreign policy trajectory are highlighted, and the prospects for maintaining a pro-Russian course are assessed.

Key words: Armenia, Russia, Velvet Revolution, pro-Russian agenda, soft power, Nagorno-Karabakh, CSTO, EAEU, diaspora, foreign policy, South Caucasus.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.007

M.B. ALBOROVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia AuthorID: 912495 SPIN – 3096-4360

P.D. MALYNINA Student, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION OF THE EAEU COUNTRIES: TRENDS AND PROSPECTS PART I

The relevance of the study is confirmed by the fact that the dynamic multilateral cooperation of the EAEU countries at the present stage of development actively expands the potential opportunities of all participants in the integration association. In the context of global turbulence, stable ties based on many years of historical interaction open up prospects for the implementation of strategic projects in the scientific and technological field, which in turn increases the level of economic development and competition of the countries of the Eurasian Union.

Technological challenges associated with active digitalization and robotics are becoming powerful drivers for scientific and technological integration and the restoration of research ties. The purpose of the scientific research is to analyze the level of modern scientific and technological cooperation between the EAEU countries and identify the most promising areas that have developed at the present stage.

The subject of the article is the analysis of the main trends in scientific and technological cooperation between the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) as one of the factors influencing the increase in competitiveness and economic development. The article analyzes the regulatory framework and institutional mechanisms of scientific and technological cooperation identifies key areas of cooperation between countries in the innovation sphere. Special attention is paid to the issues of technological initiatives, the implementation of infrastructure projects and personnel training. The study of scientific and technological cooperation between the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union is based on discourse analysis and conceptual analysis, which provide an opportunity to identify key areas for the development of multilateral cooperation. The use of the invention and content analysis in the framework of the study allowed us to identify the main trends and mechanisms for the implementation of scientific and technological cooperation. Based on the statistical data method, the authors emphasized the promising dynamics of investment in scientific and technological projects and their results. The novelty of the article lies in the systematization of institutions for the promotion and implementation of scientific and technological cooperation between the EAEU countries, based on the activities of which the desire to develop prospects for sustainable growth of the economic and scientific potential of all participants in the integration association is confirmed.

The results of the study made it possible to identify the most promising areas of scientific and technological cooperation identify growth points and problem areas that make it difficult to increase the effectiveness of cooperation between the EAEU countries in the field of science and technology.

The article will be useful for young researchers, experts in the field of scientific and technological cooperation, analysts and practitioners working in projects implemented in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Key words: Eurasian Economic Union, integration, research cooperation, scientific specialization, publication profile, scientific and technological cooperation, Russian Federation, technological sovereignty.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.018

E.S. BAZHANOVA Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia https://orcid.org/ 0009-0007-9463-3130

PRIORITY AREAS OF RUSSIA'S FOREIGN POLICY ACTIVITIES TO FORM A NEW WORLD ORDER

The article is devoted to the analysis of the foreign policy activities of the Russian Federation on the formation of a new world order. Theoretical approaches to the transformation of the international system are considered, including the concepts of multipolarity, sovereign equality and civilizational approach. Particular attention is paid to Russia’s strategy to strengthen its geopolitical positions, expand ties with the Global South, build institutions in the Eurasian space, and promote alternative value systems. The conclusion is made about the key role of Russia in the formation of the post-Western world order in the context of increasing global instability and conflict of value models.

Key words: formation of a new world order, balance of power, priority national interests of Russia.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.013

D.G. BDOYAN PhD in History Associate Professor, Department of Regional Management and National Policy, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow, Russia

N.A. GAVRILCHAK Student, School of Governance and Politics, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow, Russia

S.S. SUSLIN Student, School of Governance and Politics, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow, Russia

THE LAPSSET TRANSPORT CORRIDOR AS AN ELEMENT OF CHINA'S INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGY IN AFRICA

East Africa is undergoing a phase of large-scale infrastructure transformation, with the LAPSSET transport corridor project – connecting Kenya, South Sudan, and Ethiopia – emerging as a key component. This article examines the economic and geopolitical prerequisites for the corridor's establishment, its significance for regional integration and international trade, and focuses primarily on analyzing the role of the People's Republic of China as the key external actor invested in the project's implementation. The study aims to identify the economic and political motivations driving China's participation in East Africa's infrastructure development.

Methodology. The methodological framework is based on the political realism approach, which emphasizes the primacy of national interests in international relations. The analysis employs comparative and structural-functional methods, as well as elements of geoeconomic modeling.

Results. The study reveals a strategic connection between the LAPSSET project and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), while outlining the mechanisms of China's involvement – from investments and loans to infrastructure construction.

Conclusions. The article concludes that China's engagement in the region's transport infrastructure development is systematic, aimed at securing resource access, expanding logistical presence, and strengthening political influence in East Africa.

Key words: Transport Corridor, LAPSSET, "One Belt – One Road", Africa, China, Logistics, Mineral Resources, Influence Expansion.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.015

E.G. KALACHEV Master of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History of the Faculty of History Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

CONTEMPORARY US POLICY TOWARDS CYPRUS

The purpose of this article is to review the US foreign policy towards Cyprus at the present stage.

Methodology. The author of this study is inclined to the neorealist interpretation of international relations. In this work the author used the descriptive method; a systems approach, which allowed us to consider US-Cypriot relations in the context of changes in the system of international relations; logical-intuitive analysis.

Results. The author analyzed the US foreign policy towards the Republic of Cyprus in recent years. The results obtained are practically significant in terms of the need for a better understanding and forecasting of the development of international relations in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Conclusions. In recent years, the United States has strengthened its relations with the Republic of Cyprus in the energy and military-political spheres. Cyprus's relations with Russia have suffered a serious blow, the island state has become one of the main US allies in its region. The trend towards further strengthening of US-Cypriot ties continues.

Key words: USA, Cyprus, Trump, Biden, Navy, military cooperation, Türkiye.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.011

A.A. KULIYEV Postgraduate student, Department of Comparative Political Science, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

GEOPOLITICS, ISLAM AND POWER: FEATURES OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN AZERBAIJAN AND TURKEY

This article examines the key aspects of political leadership in Azerbaijan and Turkey, analyzes the relationship between geopolitics, Islam and power, and identifies common and distinctive features of governance models in these countries. Despite the common ethno-cultural and religious traditions, Azerbaijan and Turkey demonstrate different approaches to the integration of Islam into the state system, which is largely due to their historical development and foreign policy orientation. The work pays special attention to the role of Islam as a tool for legitimizing power and its influence on shaping the political course. In Azerbaijan, where the secular model of government dominates, the authorities strive to maintain a balance between national identity, religious tolerance and a multi-vector foreign policy. In Turkey, despite the constitutional secular nature of the state, Islam is gradually increasing its influence on politics, especially during the rule of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), which is manifested in a combination of neo-Ottoman rhetoric with a pragmatic international strategy. The author concludes that Islam remains a significant factor in socio-political life in both countries, but its role varies depending on internal socio-political processes and geopolitical interests. In Azerbaijan, religion rather serves as an element of national identity, whereas in Turkey it is actively used as an ideological tool. The study provides a deeper understanding of how historical, cultural and foreign policy factors shape the specifics of political leadership in two states, as well as what challenges and prospects are associated with the interaction of religion and government in the modern world.

Key words: geopolitics, Islam, political leadership, Azerbaijan, Turkey, power, secularism, religion and politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.017

A.P. MATOSOVA Junior research fellow, Laboratory of Regional Studies Faculty of International Relations MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia

GLOBAL NUCLEAR SECURITY: THE CRISIS OF THE NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION REGIME AND THE EROSION OF THE "NUCLEAR TABOO"

The research is devoted to the topic of global nuclear security. The author studies the evolution of the “nuclear taboo” and its current crisis emphasizing a number of pressing challenges in the domain of nuclear security.

Methodology. The study has been conducted on the basis of an integrated approach. Drawing on the theories of realism and liberalism, the author examines various aspects of interstate relations in the nuclear sphere, employing historical analysis, standard scientific methods (including analysis and synthesis of scholarly literature and sources, deduction and induction), as well as content analysis and case study methodologies.

Results. In the course of the research the author has examined the key international treaty frameworks in the realm of non-proliferation and arms control. Particular focus is placed on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the conflicting approaches of nuclear and non-nuclear states regarding nuclear security. The study deals with two practical cases which are deemed to be examples of a possible violation of the “nuclear taboo” in the course of the armed conflict: the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and between Israel and Iran.

Conclusions. The author concludes that the “nuclear taboo” is currently experiencing erosion and has been put at risk by the crisis trends in managing the development, proliferation and reduction of nuclear weapons. The destructive potential of nuclear weapons and uncontrolled consequences of their use prompt non-nuclear states to propose initiatives aimed at complete elimination of nuclear weapons. However, nuclear states are not yet ready for full and irreversible disarmament. In the foreseeable future, nuclear weapons will continue to exert considerable influence on the balance of power and relations between states in the international arena. Meanwhile, the preservation of the “nuclear taboo” will largely depend on the political will of states and their awareness of the grave consequences for global security that the use of nuclear weapons would entail.

Key words: “nuclear taboo”, NPT, non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament, international security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.020

S.M. PLIEV Candidate of Political Sciences, Professor, Senior Researcher, Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Z.N. Vaneev South Ossetian Research Institute, Tskhinvali, South Ossetia

HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF HARMONIZING THE PRINCIPLES OF TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY AND NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The article analyzes the problem of harmonizing the principles of territorial integrity of states and the right of peoples to self-determination. It provides a historical analysis of the emergence of these principles and their coexistence in the unified system of international law.

Key words: principle of territorial integrity, right of peoples to self-determination, disintegration, interaction, confrontation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.019

P.B. UKSUSNIKOV Senior Lecturer of the Department of Political Science and Political Philosophy of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

MAIN AREAS OF STRATEGIC COMPETITION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: POLITICAL ANALYSIS

The article examines the systemic nature of strategic competition between the United States and China as a determining factor in the modern world order. On the basis of political analysis, the key dimensions of rivalry are identified: technological leadership, economic dominance, military-strategic confrontation, geopolitical influence and ideological confrontation. It is proved that the interconnection of these areas forms a bipolar but asymmetric configuration of international relations, characterized by the fragmentation of global institutions, supply chains and the formation of competing blocs. Managing this competition requires establishing "rules of the road" to prevent escalation.

Key words: strategic competition, the United States, China, technological leadership, economic decoupling, military-strategic deterrence, geopolitical influence, ideological confrontation, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.012

A.I. TSARANOVA Bachelor’s degree, School of International Relations, MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia

SCIENTIFIC AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT FOR U.S. FOREIGN POLICY ON THE RUSSIAN TRACK AFTER FEBRUARY 2022

The purpose of the article is to define the role of think tanks in shaping foreign policy of the Biden administration on Russian track after February 2022. Given the unique role that think tanks play in the U.S. policy-making process, examining U.S.-Russia relations through the lens of their recommendations and analytical reports – especially in the wake of the escalation of the Ukrainian crisis and amid the emergence of a new global order – Is both necessary and relevant.

This article analyzes the analytical reports and commentaries of selected think tanks (and compares them among each other as well) published after the Russian special military operation was launched in February 2022. The aim is to identify prevailing attitudes within the expert community toward Russia and assess the influence of the promoted rhetoric on the Biden administration’s foreign policy on the Russian track.

The study finds that all the examined think tanks adopt a hardline stance, recommending increased sanctions, expanded financial and military aid to Ukraine, and strengthened transatlantic ties with allies in order to “contain the Russian threat.” At the same time, their analysis is often found to lack depth and to be highly politicized and superficial.

Key words: thinks tanks, USA, Russia, Ukrainian crisis, sanctions, military aid, foreign policy-making process.

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.72.7.021

V.K. MEDVEDEVA PhD in Political Science, Scientific Editor, Nauka Segodnya Publishing House, Moscow, Russia

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Editor-in-Chief, Nauka Segodnya Publishing House, Moscow, Russia

CONTEMPORARY YOUTH POLICY: PATRIOTIC EDUCATION AND PERSONAL SOCIALIZATION

This analytical review of recent Russian studies and publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals published by Nauka Segodnya on improving the effectiveness of state youth policy attempts to characterize the development trends of a new model of state youth policy in the Russian Federation based on traditional values and patriotic education. Particular attention is paid to the issues of historical education of young Russians, personal socialization, state programs to support youth initiatives, and the participation of Russian youth in the Special Military Operation.

Key words: state youth policy, state programs to support youth initiatives, Special Military Operation, traditional values, patriotic education, historical education of young Russians, scientific publications of recent years.

• Next