№ 6 (71), 2025

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Academic journal “Eurasian Union: Issues of International Relations”. Volume 14, Issue 6 (71), 2025

CONTENTS

POLITICAL ISSUES

• Uporov I.V. Elections to Councils of Different Levels after the End of the Great Patriotic War: Political and Legal Aspect
• Fenin K.V. A Semi-Parliamentary Republic as a New Form of Government
• Avzalova E.I. Ethnopolitical Processes in the Context of Digitalization
• Litvinov A.A. Digital Technologies as a Driver of Political Transformation in the LPR
• Kolesnikov A.I. Modern Tools of Political Communication in Russia
• Hua H.H. Good Governance: the Foundation of Building Political Networks in Vietnam

ECONOMICAL ISSUES

• Novoselsky S.O., Aleeva S.S., Sentishcheva E.A., Zolkin A.L., Dryomov S.A. Analysis of the Export Activities of the Russian Federation under Sanctions
• Ivanova A.S. Influence of the Russian Banking System on Integration Processes in the Eurasian Space: Modern Trends and Development Prospects
• Dyikanbaev D. Development of the Economy of Kyrgyzstan in the Conditions of Participation in the EAEU
• Chechikova A.M., Shitikova Yu.A. The SCO as a Platform for Russian-Chinese Economic Cooperation: Problems and Prospects
• Yang Jisun. The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine Armed Conflict on the Economic Stability of North Korea

HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

• Tovsultanov R.A., Galimova L.N., Rakhimov M.R. The Role of A.A. Kadyrov in the Revival of Peace in the Chechen Republic
• Tushkov A.A., Alyaeva L.A., Bukharova J.A., Amelchenko A.Ya. The Interdependence of the Ukrainian and Middle Eastern Conflicts in the 21st Century: Scenarios for the Development of the Events
• Bondar N.A., Gekht A.B., Patrusheva D.A., Nerovnyi A.V. OSCE in the European Security System: Structure, Functioning, Unrealized Potential
• Bykov N.R. Taiwan's Geopolitical Status: the Relationship Between Political and Economic Factors
• Tushkov A.A., Tikhonov M.L., Romanyuk A.A., Nemchaninov A.S. Contemporary Military Technology and Artificial Intelligence: Russia's Role and Place in Global Competition
• Urper Mehmet, Zokoeva Z.V. Radical Extremism in the Process of Regional Development in the Muslim East
• Alan Bhardwaj. Nuclear Non-Proliferation in the Context of Geopolitical Turbulence: Analysis from the Position of the Theory and Practice of International Relations
• Babakhina A.A. The Role of Parliamentary Parties in Forming the Russian Vector of German Foreign Policy
• Gevorgian M.A. Energy Security and Climate Change in G8’s Agenda Up to 2014
• Zemova M.I. Contemporary Attitudes Toward China. Content Analysis
• Kobelkov R.A. Methods of Institutionalizing Russophobia and Serbophobia in NATO Countries: Analysis of Foreign Policy and Information Context (1991-2022)
• Pastukhov I.E. UN SC Reform in Russian Foreign Policy: the Evidence from Content Alanysis of Documents
• Petrov D.Yu. Information Wars: Ways and Mechanisms of Influence on the Example of Global Political Conflicts
• Tushkov A.A., Somova I.Yu., Khrenova N.S. The Place and Role of the BRICS Countries in the 21st Century
• Golobokova M.S., Shitikova Yu.A. Russian-Chinese Rapprochement in the ATR in the Context of the Rivalry Between China and the United States
• Balakina E.R. The Role of Private Military Companies in US Foreign Policy

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

• Medvedeva V.K., Medvedev N.P. Post-Soviet States of Central Asia: the EAEU, the CSTO, and Russia's Geopolitical Interests

POLITICAL ISSUES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.001

I.V. UPOROV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Krasnodar, Russia

ELECTIONS TO COUNCILS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS AFTER THE END OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: POLITICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT

The article examines the peculiarities of holding the first elections of deputies of all levels of the Councils of Workers' Deputies (the Supreme Council of the USSR, the Supreme Councils of the Union and Autonomous Republics, and local Councils) in the Soviet state after the end of the Great Patriotic War. The article analyzes the provisions of the then effective Constitution of the USSR, the Constitution of the RSFSR, legislative acts regulating elections to the Councils of Workers' Deputies, statistical data on the election results, as well as scientific works that touch upon this topic, and publications in the media that covered the election campaigns. It is noted that in the post-war period there were no fundamental changes in the system of public (state) power, and accordingly the organization of elections was carried out under the slogan of the "unbreakable bloc of communists and non-party members", without alternatives, although this was not prohibited by law, with obligatory praises to Stalin, and under the control of the monopoly ruling All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Despite the over-organization of the elections, the absolute majority of deputies were truly respected Soviet citizens in society.

Key words: Soviet state, post-war period, elections of deputies, Soviets, election campaign, state.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.006

K.V. FENIN Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University), Moscow, Russia

A SEMI-PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC AS A NEW FORM OF GOVERNMENT

The article analyzes the process of presidentialization of parliamentary democracies around the world. The strengthening of the role of political leadership is qualitatively changing the nature of the parliamentary system. As a response to new challenges, scientists propose a model of a semi – parliamentary system – a combination of direct elections of the head of government and parliamentarism. The author of the article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of this type of government. This system was implemented in Israel in the 1990s, however, it has shown its inefficiency. The author analyzes the factors that influenced the negative outcome of using the semi-parliamentary system. The article suggests ways to use the majority bonus to improve the institutional design of semi-parliamentarism. The author concludes that the new constitutional reform in Italy also represents an attempt to transition to a semi-parliamentary system.

Key words: semi-parliamentary republic, direct election of the prime minister, Israel, Italy, democracy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.002

E.I. AVZALOVA Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

ETHNOPOLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION

Digitalization is penetrating all spheres of society, and ethnopolitical relations are no exception. The interpenetration of the phenomenon of ethnicity and digital technologies has been reflected in scientific research and has contributed to the identification of a new type of ethnicity. Digital technologies and Internet communications have an ambiguous impact on ethnopolitical processes. On the one hand, the processes of unification and universalization that inevitably accompany digitalization can lead to the erosion of ethnicity. On the other hand, new ways of forming and strengthening ethnic identity, protecting the interests of ethnic groups, ethnopolitical mobilization and promoting nationalism are emerging on the Internet. Digital technologies create opportunities for the politicization of ethnicity, which can develop into ethnopolitical mobilization and provoke interethnic digital confrontation.

Key words: Internet, digitalization, ethnicity, ethnopolitical processes, ethnic identity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.003

A.A. LITVINOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Public Administration, Lugansk State University named after Vladimir Dahl, Lugansk, LPR, Russia

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AS A DRIVER OF POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE LPR

The article is devoted to the study of the digital transformation of the political sphere of the LPR in the context of its integration into the political space of the Russian Federation. It has analyzed the region’s institutional adaptation, including the growth of digital capabilities of political institutions for addressing civic needs, the implementation of multifunctional service centers, and the conceptual restructuring of the Ministry of Digital Development of the LPR. The author has attempted to identify the key stages in the digital transformation of the region’s electoral practices and has explored major trends in the development of its information policy. The specific challenges of the political sphere’s digitalization in the conditions of integration have been identified. The author has concluded about the nature and distinctive features of the digital transformation of the LPR political system at the current stage.

Key words: digital transformation, Lugansk People’s Republic, political sphere, political process, digitalization.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.004

A.I. KOLESNIKOV Postgraduate student at the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences Bunin Yelets State University, Yelets, Russia

MODERN TOOLS OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN RUSSIA

The legitimization of power is always based on a consensus of state, public and personal interests, and the most important bond that cements this structure is political communication. It acts as a barometer that allows for feedback between government and society, as well as to guide the development of society and understand the expectations of an individual citizen. In this article, the author analyzes how political rhetoric has evolved, what political narratives we see today, how digitalization affects political discourse, what global features are inherent in this process, and what are the unique features characteristic of modern Russia.

The purpose of this article is to explore modern forms and methods of political communication in Russia, revealing the crucial importance of the new digital environment in these processes, as well as how the digital communication system is being implemented. The paper will consider the theoretical and methodological basis of political dialogue, the global practice of introducing digital technologies, the features of digitalization of the Russian political landscape, as well as the difficulties of implementing and trends in the development of digital tools.

The relevance of the study is determined by the following aspects. First, the rapid digitalization of society and political life encourages us to change approaches to the study of political interaction, which should consider the role of algorithms, messengers and digital tools. Secondly, the geopolitical agenda requires us to take careful steps in the information field, since competent counteraction to the information war launched against our country is no less important than success during combat operations. Thirdly, studying the Russian experience makes it possible to analyze the vector of development based on our unique specifics, as well as general patterns inherent in other countries.

Key words: political communication, legitimation, digitalization, transformation, algorithm, evolution, discourse.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.005

H.H. HUA Postgraduate Student of the Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law of the Law Institute of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

GOOD GOVERNANCE: THE FOUNDATION OF BUILDING POLITICAL NETWORKS IN VIETNAM

Introduction: Good governance is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the sustainable development of countries, especially in developing countries such as Vietnam. This study analyzes the relationship between good governance and building an effective policy network in Vietnam. The study findings show that good governance with core principles such as transparency, accountability, citizen participation and the rule of law provides a solid foundation for developing a polycentric governance network. In the Vietnamese context, the Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations play an important role in bringing together the state, private sector and civil society to form an effective governance network. The PAPI index provides important data on the effectiveness of public governance and administration and is an essential tool for assessing and improving public governance in Vietnam. Strengthening good governance will contribute to building a stronger policy network that meets the needs of sustainable and inclusive development.

Key words: public administration, public management, good governance, democratic values, political network.

ECONOMICAL ISSUES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.008

S.O. NOVOSELSKY Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher at the Research Center for the Study of the History and Development of World Civilizations ANO VO «University of World Civilizations named after. V.V. Zhirinovsky», Researcher, Research Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Economics, Moscow, Russia

S.S. ALEEVA Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil Law and Public Law Disciplines, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Russian State University named after. A.N. Kosygina (Technology. Design. Art)», Moscow, Russia

E.A. SENTISHCHEVA Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations and Public Administration Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education South-West State University, Kursk, Russia

A.L. ZOLKIN Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor of the Department of Informatics and Robotic Systems, Povolzhskiy State University of Telecommunications and Informatics (PGUTY), Samara, Russia

S.A. DRYOMOV Student, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (MGIMO), Moscow, Russia

ANALYSIS OF THE EXPORT ACTIVITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION UNDER SANCTIONS

Introduction: the article analyzes the export activity of the Russian Federation under sanctions. The key aspects of the importance of exports in the work include tax revenues to the budget, the inflow of foreign exchange earnings, and participation in the international division of labor. The current geopolitical situation generates a huge range of risks for the export activities of domestic economic entities. Such risks are associated not only with the active protectionist policy pursued by individual countries, but also with sanctions imposed on Russia by unfriendly states. Hostile intentions are not hidden in nature, which is no longer retouched by theses about partnership relations. One of the tools for inflicting a strategic defeat on the Russian Federation is the maximum restriction of its export activity in international markets, which should cause irreparable damage to the stability of the financial system and reputational damage to interstate communications built over a long period of time. Realizing the whole range of possible risks, Russia has taken all available measures to maintain stable export dynamics, including through diversification of logistics routes for the movement of material flows and the search for more politically neutral sales markets. The purpose of the work is to analyze the export activity of the Russian Federation in the context of the negative impact of the international geopolitical situation. Research results: the authors' team substantiated the relevance of maintaining export activity to ensure national economic sovereignty, conducted a diagnosis of the dynamics and structure of exports, and considered the main areas of counteracting the aggressive sanctions policy of unfriendly countries in the field of foreign economic activity.

Key words: export, foreign economic activity, economic sovereignty, sanctions, geopolitical pressure.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.010

A.S. IVANOVA Postgraduate student of Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service (IPACS) RANEPA, Moscow, Russia SPIN-code:1015-8578

INFLUENCE OF THE RUSSIAN BANKING SYSTEM ON INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN THE EURASIAN SPACE: MODERN TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

The article examines the influence of the Russian banking system on the processes of economic integration in the Eurasian space. The study pays special attention to the trends and prospects for the development of financial interaction within the Eurasian space. The key role of Russian credit institutions in the development of international settlements, the creation of infrastructure and payment systems is determined by the initiatives being implemented. A special place in the study is occupied by the assessment of the impact of sanctions pressure on cooperation in the banking sector within the Eurasian space. The final part of the article presents a forecast for the further development of banking interaction within the Eurasian space.

The aim of the study is to identify promising areas for the development of the banking system within the framework of integration in the Eurasian space.

The main objectives of the study are:

– consideration of the role of the Russian banking system in Eurasian economic integration;

– identification of key integration initiatives in the banking sector with the participation of Russia;

– identification of modern trends and prospects for banking integration within the EAEU.

The object of the study is the Russian banking system as an element of Eurasian integration.

The subject of the research is the trends and prospects for the development of the banking system in the Eurasian space.

Research methods. In writing the article the following methods were used: observation, generalization, critical analysis, deduction, statistical methods, comparative methods.

The result of the conducted research is a list of promising areas for the development of the banking system within the framework of Eurasian integration, which can be applied in the context of sanctions and economic instability.

Key words: banking system, Eurasian space, economic integration, national currencies, payment systems, digitalization, sanctions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.018

D. DYIKANBAEV Master, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (MGIMO University), Moscow, Russia

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF KYRGYZSTAN IN THE CONDITIONS OF PARTICIPATION IN THE EAEU

The article is devoted to the analysis of the economic development of Kyrgyzstan within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) since the republic joined the organization in 2015. The key changes in the structure of the country's GDP for the period 2014-2024 are considered, and the main trends and growth dynamics by economic sectors are highlighted. The article provides detailed statistical analysis demonstrating significant growth in industries such as mining, financial services, and real estate. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the post-crisis economic recovery. The results of the study show that despite the positive dynamics in industry and services, agriculture and the energy sector are developing less intensively. The article is based on official data from the National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyzstan and may be useful for economists, political scientists and specialists in regional integration.

Key words: Kyrgyzstan, EAEU, economic integration, GDP, structural changes, post-pandemic recovery, inflation, statistical analysis.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.021

A.M. CHECHIKOVA Student of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia

Y.A. SHITIKOVA Senior Lecturer of the Department of Russian Language and International Communication, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia

THE SCO AS A PLATFORM FOR RUSSIAN-CHINESE ECONOMIC COOPERATION: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The topic of economic relations between Russia and China is of great importance in the modern world. In the last years of the 21st century, the Russian-Chinese strategic partnership has been deepening. Thus, in the context of geopolitical tensions and sanctions pressure, cooperation with China acquires a new, special significance. Under the same conditions, international associations such as the SCO and BRICS are beginning to acquire special importance. In this regard, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is playing an increasingly important role in shaping a multipolar world, offering an alternative to Western-centric institutions. Studying Russian-Chinese cooperation within the SCO will allow us to assess the potential of this organization in creating new economic orders. The purpose of the article is to analyze and highlight the key problems and prospects of economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and China within the SCO at the present stage.

Key words: SCO, Russian-Chinese economic cooperation, energy club, free trade zone, Power of Siberia-2, China, Russia, security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.013

YANG JISUN Graduate student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

THE IMPACT OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE ARMED CONFLICT ON THE ECONOMIC STABILITY OF NORTH KOREA

This article examines the impact of the Russia-Ukraine armed conflict on the economic resilience of North Korea (DPRK). Amid international sanctions and isolation triggered by Pyongyang’s nuclear program, North Korea faces significant economic challenges, assessed through its ability to restore and maintain value chain operations under sanction pressure. The study focuses on the historical and contemporary cooperation between Russia and North Korea, as well as the changes in bilateral relations following the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine in 2022. Diplomatic, military, and economic interactions are analyzed, including arms supplies and food aid, alongside the consequences of tightened sanctions and COVID-19 restrictions. The findings indicate that the conflict has strengthened Russia-North Korea cooperation, partially alleviating economic pressure on the DPRK, while the country’s economy remains highly vulnerable. The article emphasizes the need to refine the concept of economic resilience to better understand sanctions-related challenges.

Key words: economic resilience, North Korea, Russia-Ukraine conflict, sanctions, international cooperation, military cooperation, foreign economic relations.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.016

R.A. TOVSULTANOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Modern and Contemporary History, A.A. Kadyrov Chechen State University, Grozny, Russia

L.N. GALIMOVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor, Department of History, Bauman Moscow State Technical University (National Research University), Moscow, Russia

M.R. RAKHIMOV Postgraduate Student, Department of Modern and Contemporary History, A.A. Kadyrov Chechen State University, Grozny, Russia

THE ROLE OF A.A. KADYROV IN THE REVIVAL OF PEACE IN THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC

The scientific article analyzes the policy pursued by A.A. Kadyrov from the 90s of the XX century until his election as President of the Chechen Republic. It is indicated that the majority of residents of the Chechen Republic were against the separation of the republic from Russia. In June 1991, the Chechen National Congress was organized, at which radical delegates played a decisive role. As a result, by a majority vote, it was decided to disband the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic and form a single Chechen-Ingush Republic in 1991. It was divided into two parts: the Chechen Republic and the Ingush Republic. It is emphasized that A.A. Kadyrov, through diplomacy, as well as taking into account his status in the religious sphere (he was mufti from August 1995 to August 2000), conducts, firstly, the fight against Wahhabism, supporters of extremist and terrorist groups, and secondly, organizes the liquidation of separatism in Chechnya and the return of the republic to the legal field of Russia. It is concluded that A.A. Kadyrov defended the interests of the Chechen people by opposing the imposition of an unusual religious trend in Chechnya in the form of Wahhabism, focused on the need to counter radicalism in Chechnya, as well as the peaceful settlement of political, interfaith and other conflicts.

Key words: Chechen Republic, Akhmat Abdulhamidovich Kadyrov, armed confrontation, establishment of peace, holding a referendum, diplomacy, religion.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.017

A.A. TUSHKOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor at the Academy of Military Sciences, Moscow, Russia

L.A. ALYAEVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Military Academy of Strategic Missile Forces named after Peter the Great, Moscow, Russia

J.A. BUKHAROVA Candidate of Historical Sciences Military Academy of Strategic Missile Forces named after Peter the Great, Moscow, Russia

A.Ya. AMELCHENKO Student of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the RUDN University Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE UKRAINIAN AND MIDDLE EASTERN CONFLICTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: SCENARIOS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EVENTS

The proposed article is devoted to the analysis of the current geopolitical situation, based on the cross-section of the great Middle East and Ukrainian conflicts. The article focuses on the recent events of 2023-2025, which had a significant impact on the formation of the new world order. First of all, we are talking about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the coming to power in Iran of Masoud Peseshkian, the overthrow of the regime of Bashar al-Assad in Syria, obstacles to the conclusion of the so-called "Deal of the Century" and some others. These events are well-planned projects by the Western elite with the aim of undermining Russian influence on the world stage, and in particular in Eastern Europe and the Middle East, and creating a threat near its borders. This article offers a vision of the global situation and suggests the only way to freeze the confrontation.

Key words: Middle East, Israel, Iran, Palestine, Russia, "Deal of the Century", Islam, Christianity, confrontation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.020

N.A. BONDAR Master, the Bonch-Bruevich St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications; Head of Department Additional Office "Business" Khabarovsk JSC Finam Bank, St. Petersburg, Russia

A.B. GEKHT PhD in history, docent, Head of the department of history and regional studies, the Bonch-Bruevich St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, St. Petersburg, Russia

D.A. PATRUSHEVA Senior lecturer, Department of History and Regional Studies, the Bonch-Bruevich St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, St. Petersburg, Russia

A.V. NEROVNYI Senior lecturer, Department of History and Regional Studies, the Bonch-Bruevich St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, St. Petersburg, Russia

OSCE IN THE EUROPEAN SECURITY SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONING, UNREALIZED POTENTIAL

This article examines the role of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) as recently one of the key elements of the European security system. The aim of the study is to analyze the structure, functions, and decision-making mechanisms of the OSCE, as well as to assess its effectiveness in resolving conflicts on the European continent. The objectives of the research include exploring the history of the organization's creation, the evolution of its mandate, its institutional structure, and its activities in the context of several local and regional conflicts such as the Balkans, the Caucasus, and Ukraine. The study found that the OSCE represents a still useful platform for dialogue among countries with different political systems, covers a wide range of activities – from human rights to military security – and plays an active role in monitoring, diplomatic mediation, and humanitarian support. However, significant limitations in its work were also identified: a weak mandate, insufficient resources, difficulties in achieving consensus, and external political pressure on non-NATO members’ partners. The study concludes that institutional reforms are necessary within the OSCE to enhance its operational and political effectiveness, strengthen its mandate, and expand its tools for responding to contemporary security challenges in Europe. Mostly this situation appeared as a result of constructing a NATO-focused model on international security in Europe. It led to consistent decline of the OSCE during the first quarter of the XXI century.

Key words: CSCE, OSCE, European security system, NATO, local and regional conflicts in Europe.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.022

N.R. BYKOV Postgraduate student, Moscow State Linguistic University, Moscow, Russia

TAIWAN'S GEOPOLITICAL STATUS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS

The article analyzes the geopolitical status of Taiwan, a de facto independent entity with signs of statehood, but without formal international recognition. In this article, the author emphasizes the importance of two key factors: the transformation of the political identity of the population and the development of a high-tech economy represented by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). The conducted research – public opinion polls and analysis of economic indicators – show how the image of Taiwanese self-identification has been transformed. For example, the Taiwanese increasingly identify themselves as an independent nation, which is reflected in the support of parties advocating sovereignty. At the same time, TSMC enhances Taiwan's economic importance on the international stage, making the island critically important for global supply chains. Thus, the author emphasizes the interdependence of Taiwan's political and economic stability in the face of international uncertainty.

Key words: DPP, geopolitical status, TSMC, sovereignty, logistics, status quo, pressure, UN, supply chain.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.023

A.A. TUSHKOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, Moscow, Russia

M.L. TIKHONOV Doctor of Military Sciences, Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, Moscow, Russia

A.A. ROMANYUK Candidate of Military Sciences, Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, Moscow, Russia

A.S. NEMCHANINOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Doctoral Candidate Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, Moscow, Russia

CONTEMPORARY MILITARY TECHNOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: RUSSIA'S ROLE AND PLACE IN GLOBAL COMPETITION

In this article, the authors explore a pressing issue related to the complex challenges of ensuring the competitiveness of the Russian technology and digital industry. At its core is the task of protecting the country's technological and digital sovereignty, which is fundamental to Russia's survival in the coming decades. The intense confrontation between the United States and its satellites against Russia has become the norm in Western economic competition and diplomacy. Clashes in the chip, 5G, and artificial intelligence markets represent a reincarnation of traditional interstate conflicts, with the detonation occurring in the uncompromising struggle between transnational corporations and states. In this article, the authors examine these issues from the perspective of ensuring Russia's role and place in the modern military-technological sphere and artificial intelligence. In exploring this topic, the authors examine it from economic, political, and military perspectives, which are all intertwined into a single set of problems.

Key words: ICT industry, existential threats, digital platform, military-technological sphere.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.009

URPER MEHMET D. in Political Science, Senior Lecturer, Department of International Humanitarian Relations, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Z.V. ZOKOEVA D. in History, Senior Lecturer, Department of International Humanitarian Relations, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

RADICAL EXTREMISM IN THE PROCESS OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE MUSLIM EAST

The article examines the comprehensive impact of radical terrorist organizations on the socio-economic development of Middle Eastern states in the context of transforming globalization processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The authors analyze the mechanisms of network interaction formation between extremist groups within the framework of new socio-economic, religious-political, and ethnopolitical trends that contribute to expanding the geography of their activities both regionally and globally.

Special attention is paid to the interconnection between military-political interventions of Western states in the Middle East region and the emergence of anti-Western sentiments that served as the foundation for the formation of radical ethno-confessional movements. The consequences of the 2003 American occupation of Iraq are examined in detail, which led to the emergence of numerous religious-terrorist groups and intensified confrontation between Sunni and Shia structures, significantly undermining regional economic development.

The work provides an in-depth analysis of ISIS terrorist organization activities and "Arab Spring" processes that transformed the Middle East into an arena of clashes between local and global actors. The authors demonstrate how radical Islamist groups carried out the capture of energy routes and strategically important territories through terrorist attacks, inflicting critical damage on states whose economies were based on energy resources.

The study contains a detailed analysis of the humanitarian consequences of radical extremism, including processes of forced migration of millions of people, destruction of administrative structures, and degradation of production capacities in the most affected states - Syria, Iraq, Libya, and Yemen. The authors emphasize that economic instability in the region, caused by extremist group activities, began to influence energy pricing on a global scale, creating complex crisis processes in the world economic system.

The conclusion states that despite the availability of rich natural resources, Middle Eastern countries continue to experience serious economic and social difficulties caused by the destructive impact of radical Islamism, which creates a threat to the stability of the entire region and requires a comprehensive approach to solving problems of terrorism and extremism.

Key words: Islam, Turkiye, Iraq, Syria, extremism, terrorism, globalization, Middle East.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.011

ALAN BHARDWAJ Development director, Mednanotech LLC, Moscow, Russia

NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GEOPOLITICAL TURBULENCE: ANALYSIS FROM THE POSITION OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The purpose of this article is to understand the problems of nuclear non-proliferation in the context of geopolitical turbulence from the standpoint of the theory and practice of international relations.

Methodology. The methodological basis of this study is an integrated approach that involves the use of a wide range of techniques. In this work, the author used a theoretical analysis that allowed him to study theoretical views on the problem of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons; a normative and legal method that makes it possible to study the regulatory framework for nuclear weapons control based on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; a systems approach allowed the author to analyze the state of international security and its changes under the influence of the degradation of the non-proliferation system.

Results. The author has analyzed the current military-political situation, which allowed forecasting the medium- and long-term prospects for the development of the situation in the field of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and its impact on world politics. The results obtained are theoretically and practically significant from the point of view of the need to solve problems associated with the development of conceptual provisions for the formation of a nuclear non-proliferation system, taking into account modern geopolitical challenges.

Conclusions. The current military-political situation requires the world community, primarily nuclear states, to take radical actions aimed at solving the problem, given that the nature of nuclear weapons, the nature and scale of threats to global security, which the possibility of their uncontrolled proliferation in the world brings with it, require extraordinary, large-scale and far-reaching measures capable of mitigating this threat.

Key words: international relations, nuclear weapons, non-proliferation, treaty, security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.024

A.A. BABAKHINA Postgraduate student of the Department of Political Science, Institute of International Relations and Social and Political Sciences, Moscow State Linguistic University, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF PARLIAMENTARY PARTIES IN FORMING THE RUSSIAN VECTOR OF GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY

This article examines the influence of German parliamentary parties, both ruling and opposition, on the formation of Germany's foreign policy in the Russian direction. Particular attention is paid to the opposition between the value-oriented approach and the geopolitical (pragmatic) approach in the ideology of the parties, which largely determines their system of views in the field of foreign policy. The article analyzes how the content of Germany's foreign policy changes as a result of the change in the composition of the ruling coalition.

Key words: Germany, Russia, party, foreign policy, "traffic light coalition", "grand coalition", value approach, geopolitical approach, CDU/CSU, SPD, Green Party.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.015

M.A. GEVORGIAN Master, MGIMO University of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

ENERGY SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN G8’S AGENDA UP TO 2014

The article emphasizes the role of energy security and climate change in the agenda of the Group of Eight before the exсlusion of the Russian Federation in 2014. It analyzes joint documents signed during summits and ministerial meetings, which have impacted the approach of this club format to ecology and energy issues. The reasons for the increasing attention of the G8 to these subjects are also taken into account. The conclusion makes an assessment of the effectiveness of the Group of Eight as regards energy security and climate change up to 2014.

Key words: Group of Eight, informal clubs, energy poverty, energy efficiency, energy security, climate change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Gleneagles Dialogue.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.025

M.I. ZEMOVA Postgraduate student at the Eastern Institute – School of Regional and International Studies, Far East University, Vladivostok, Russia

CONTEMPORARY ATTITUDES TOWARD CHINA. CONTENT ANALYSIS

Sinophobia as a trend has long been entrenched in many countries around the world, and in the Asia-Pacific region in particular. China's economic size and political influence are cause for concern. This article attempts to quantitatively demonstrate the relevance of this topic in contemporary political discourse. Using content analysis of online materials, we analyzed the popularity of user queries about positive and negative attitudes toward China, the key drivers of Sinophobia, and the countries that harbor hostility toward China.

Key words: attitudes toward China, Sinophobia, anti-Chinese sentiment, content analysis.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.022

R.A. KOBELKOV Postgraduate Student, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (DA MFA RF), Russia, Moscow

METHODS OF INSTITUTIONALIZING RUSSOPHOBIA AND SERBOPHOBIA IN NATO COUNTRIES: ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN POLICY AND INFORMATION CONTEXT (1991-2022)

This article examines the key methods of institutionalizing Russophobia and Serbophobia in NATO member states during the period from 1991 to 2022. The study is based on an analysis of foreign policy documents, think tank reports, resolutions of international organizations, and Western media rhetoric. The author identifies two main channels of institutional consolidation of negative perceptions of Russia and Serbia: official foreign policy rhetoric and the propagandistic discourse of mass media.

Special attention is paid to the strategies used to construct a persistent image of the "enemy" represented by Russia and Serbia. These include accusations of undermining democratic institutions, election interference, human rights violations, and threats to international security. The article also explores the role of international organizations in legitimizing such narratives.

Using the examples of the Kosovo crisis and the Ukrainian conflict, the author demonstrates how ideological constructs are formed and disseminated to discredit both countries. The article concludes that there is a systemic and consistent effort by Western political and informational institutions to create and reinforce a long-term negative image of Russia and Serbia.

This work aims to identify the mechanisms through which institutional structures influence public opinion and international relations, and to conceptualize the role of information policy within the context of geopolitical confrontation.

Key words: Russophobia, Serbophobia, NATO, foreign policy, information warfare, international organizations, Kosovo, Balkans, propaganda, enemy image.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.007

I.E. PASTUKHOV Master’s student at School of Governance and Politics, MGIMO University, Moscow, Russia

UN SC REFORM IN RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY: THE EVIDENCE FROM CONTENT ALANYSIS OF DOCUMENTS

The article discusses the evolution of Russian approach to the UN SC reform and to the UN reform in general based on the Concept of the Foreign Policy of The Russian Federation of different years.

The first part of the work examines the history of the issue of reforming the UN Security Council and describes the existing problems that hinder a full-scale reform of the body. The second part of the article analyzes how the Russian understanding of reform has changed over the past two and a half decades. The author uses content analysis method to analyze official documents regulating Russian foreign policy as well as speeches of Russian top-officials aiming to define Russian approach to the UN SC reform. The paper examines the reform in its connection with the modern international law system and Russian position on the global trends of development.

Based on the analysis carried out, the author concludes that Russia understands the reform of the UN primarily as the reform of the UN SC. Russian views on the matter have evolved since 2000-s – Russia has replaced its liberal and idealistic narrative, implying certain flexibility regarding the veto power and introducing new members, primarily involving Western states, into the Council with a more pragmatic approach suggesting future expansion based on the countries representing the Global South, with the veto power remaining inviolable. These changes being explained by the shift in the global political environment and Russia’s place in the global world order.

Key words: UN, Security Council, multipolar world, UN reform, Russia, permanent members.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.012

D.Yu. PETROV Senior Lecturer of the Basic Department of Management of State and Municipal Property of the Institute of Public Administration and Management Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (Presidential Academy, RANEPA), Moscow, Russia SPIN-code: 1908-4025 Author ID: 877522 ORCID: 0009-0007-5390-5910

INFORMATION WARS: WAYS AND MECHANISMS OF INFLUENCE ON THE EXAMPLE OF GLOBAL POLITICAL CONFLICTS

The 21st century has become the century of digital technologies due to the spread of the Internet, which permeates the modern space of political communications. The Internet has its advantages and disadvantages, expressed in the invasion of privacy and even information resources of other countries. As a result, the very concept of "information warfare" has changed, which is gaining new momentum and forms. The article provides basic concepts and terms, discusses examples of existing conflicts and attempts to resolve them. The classification of the main types and forms of information warfare and their key features is presented. Analytical data from official websites, government agencies, the media, and the scientific community on the issues of de-escalation of international conflicts based on the opposing sides are presented. The article examines attempts to politically influence the activities of countries using modern digital technologies, using the example of the conflict between Palestine and Israel and ways to solve them.

Key words: information wars, political space, political conflicts, digital technologies, mass media, cyber security, cyber threats.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.026

A.A. TUSHKOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor at the Academy of Military Sciences, Moscow, Russia

I.Yu. SOMOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Foreign Regional Studies V.V. Zhirinovsky University of World Civilizations, Moscow, Russia

N.S. KHRENOVA Student Institute of Linguistic Translation Technologies and Development of International Com-munications, Autonomous Non-profit Organization of Higher Education "V.V. Zhirinovsky University of World Civilizations", Moscow, Russia

THE PLACE AND ROLE OF THE BRICS COUNTRIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and current position of the BRICS interstate association in the system of international relations in the 21st century. The purpose of the study is to determine the place and role of BRICS as a key actor in the formation of a new, multipolar world order. The methodology is based on a systems approach, including the analysis of statistical data from international financial institutions (IMF, World Bank), official documents from BRICS summits, and a critical review of domestic and foreign scientific literature. The study found that BRICS has transformed from an investment term into an influential geopolitical association, whose aggregate economic weight, measured by purchasing power parity, already exceeds that of the G7 countries. Key areas of internal cooperation are analyzed, including the creation of the New Development Bank and efforts to de-dollarize mutual trade. At the same time, the main challenges facing the association are identified and systematized: conceptual differences in the foreign policy strategies of the member countries, the presence of interstate contradictions, particularly between India and China, as well as significant external pressure from Western countries. It is concluded that, despite internal difficulties, BRICS continues to strengthen its position, as evidenced by its expansion, and plays a key role in dismantling the unipolar system and building a more just global governance.

Key words: BRICS, world order, multipolarity, geopolitics, economic cooperation, emerging economies, China, Russia, India, global governance, New Development Bank.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.019

M.S. GOLOBOKOVA Student of the Institute of World Economy and international relations, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia

Y.A. SHITIKOVA Senior lecturer of the Department of Russian language and Intercultural Communication, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia

RUSSIAN-CHINESE RAPPROCHEMENT IN THE ATR IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RIVALRY BETWEEN CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES

The article is devoted to the analysis of Russian-Chinese rapprochement in the Asia-Pacific region (APR) in the context of growing rivalry between China and the United States. The article examines the historical stages of the development of Russian-Chinese relations, starting from the Cold War period and ending with the modern stage, highlighting the key factors that have contributed to the strengthening of the partnership between Moscow and Beijing. Special attention is paid to the impact of the PRC-US rivalry on the dynamics of Russia-China relations, including political challenges, competition for influence in the Asia-Pacific region, and the reaction of the US and its allies to the rapprochement between the two countries. The article also explores the prospects of Russia-China relations in the context of global security, considers strategic scenarios for their development and the role of multilateral formats such as the SCO and BRICS in strengthening cooperation.

Key words: Russian-Chinese relations, Asia-Pacific region (APR), China-US rivalry, multipolar world, global security, SCO, BRICS, strategic partnership, foreign policy challenges.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.014

E.R. BALAKINA Student of the Faculty of Management and Politics MGIMO MFA of Russia, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN US FOREIGN POLICY

The article addresses the role of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in US foreign policy as a tool for realising the geostrategic interests of the state. The author traces the ideological evolution of the theoretical and methodological foundations of foreign policy from classical liberalism of J. Locke to neoliberalism of the late XX – early XXI century, revealing the contradiction between declared rights and freedoms and the practice of legitimate violence "by proxy". Particular attention is paid to the role of PMSCs in the process of transforming war into an economically effective and politically manageable form of intervention that circumvents the constraints of international law. Through the analysis of historical examples, from the Monroe Doctrine to operations in Iraq and cooperation with paramilitary service providers, the mechanism of public-private symbiosis in security matters is revealed. The article raises the issues of the moral legitimacy of privatised violence and the threat to state sovereignty in terms of the commercialisation of war.

Key words: liberalism, neoliberalism, U.S. foreign policy, private military companies, monopoly on violence, security privatization, private armies.

REVIEWS AND OVERVIEWS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.71.6.027

V.K. MEDVEDEVA PhD in Political Science, Scientific Editor, Nauka Segodnya Publishing House, Moscow, Russia

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Editor-in-Chief, Nauka Segodnya Publishing House, Moscow, Russia

POST-SOVIET STATES OF CENTRAL ASIA: THE EAEU, THE CSTO, AND RUSSIA'S GEOPOLITICAL INTERESTS

This review article, based on articles by Russian and foreign authors published in recent years in peer-reviewed journals listed by the Higher Attestation Commission, analyzes the challenges of developing a modern model of post-Soviet cooperation between Central Asian states and Russia, as well as issues of ensuring regional security in Central Asian countries. It also highlights the intersection of Russian and Chinese interests in the post-Soviet Eurasian space in the creation of economic, military-political alliances, and interstate associations. The article describes the functioning and role of the EAEU, CSTO, and SCO in creating a new model of international cooperation, regional security, and the development of Eurasian integration. The article also examines the post-Soviet space and Russia's geopolitical interests.

Key words: post-Soviet countries, Central Asia, EAEU, CSTO, SCO, economic cooperation, military-political associations, Eurasian integration, regional security, Russian-Chinese relations, Russia's geopolitical interests.

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