№ 2 (67), 2025

Academic journal “Eurasian Union: Issues of International Relations”. Volume 14, Issue 2 (67), 2025

CONTENTS

POLITICAL ISSUES

Titov V.V. The Specifics of the Formation of the Image of the Past in the Political Consciousness of Russian Youth
Avdeev M.A., Sobakareva E.V., Shevchenko A.V., Grigoryan D.K. Digitalization of State and Municipal Administration in the Territory of the Russian Federation
Shcherbachenko A.K., Otarashvili A.A., Grigoryan D.K. The Rise of National Unity During a Special Military Operation as a Forming Factor of National Security
Petushkov G.V. Problem and Resource Approaches to the Interpretation of State Youth Policy in Russia: Prospects for Synthesis
Afanasyeva M.E., Malyavina A.B., Shevchenko A.V., Grigoryan D.K. Issues of Formation of National Identity as an Element of National Security of the Russian Federation
Silkin V.V. Information Security in the Conditions of the «New Social Normality»: Risks, Models and Metrics

ECONOMICAL ISSUES

Kolosova O.A., Andreeva A.L., Begicheva O.L., Komarova A.A., Novoselsky S.O. Methodology of Forming a Strategic Complex of Consumer Loyalty Management
Shangaraev R.N., Goncharov S.V. Promising Areas for the Development of Trade and Economic Cooperation Between Russia and Turkey
Novosel'skiy S.O., Temizheva G.R., Gubachev N.N., Rastorguev A.A., Pavlov S.V. Improvement of Mechanisms of Project Financing of Regional Development
Volkov A.P. Areas of Economic Cooperation of the BRICS Countries as a Means of Ensuring Economic Sovereignty in the Context of the Crisis of the Global Economic Governance System
Zhmykhova D.S., Polezhaykina E.V., Rodionova D.S. Transformation of Gas Co-Operation Between Russia and Europe in the Context of Sanctions
Ping Feng, Zainullin S.B. Risks and Countermeasures of Enterprise Digital Transformation in the Modern World

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Afinogenov D.A., Starodub I.V. Strategic Planning in Greater Eurasia: a Scientific and Theoretical Understanding of the Problem
Tushkov A.A., Somova I.Yu., Nemchaninov A.S., Nekhorosheva A.N. The Arctic-Atlantic Region in the Context of Ensuring Russia's National Interests: a Transparent View of the Problem of Structuring
Penkovtsev R.V., Ermilov A.D. "Non-Classical Wars" in the Era of Geopolitical Competition: New Challenges and Threats to International Security in the 21st Century
Shtoll M.V. On the Issue of Research Methodology for the International Relations History in the Arctic Region
Limanskaya E.V., Delov N.S., Grigoryan D.K. Methods and Strategies of Using Soft Power in Modern International Interactions
Abilova G.V. The Role of Social Value Benchmarking in the Development of Interstate Education Programmes within BRICS
Barrush P.I.M., Valitova N.E., Gareev E.S. Authoritarianism and Democratization in South Africa
Vargina V.M. Internationalisation of Higher Education as an Instrument of “Soft” Power of the Republic of Korea in the Regional Context
Grigoryan I.V., Afonin M.V., Denisov A.A. ECOWAS and CEEAC: Co-Operation or Competition
Savostov G.V. The History of Relations Between Russia and Poland is Not the Subject of an Agreement (Historiographical Review)
Sinchuk V.V. China's Response to the Deepening US-Philippines Relations: Geopolitical and Strategic Aspects
Rakhimov M.R., Tovsultanov R.A., Galimova L.N. Effectiveness of Chechen-Arab Relations During the Presidency of R.A. Kadyrov
Sharapov A.M. Features of Media Resources as a Source for the History of International Relations

REVIEWS AND REVIEWS

Medvedev N.P. Non-Classical Wars: Modern Approaches to Conduct Hybrid Wars (Part III)

POLITICAL ISSUES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.001

V.V. TITOV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department of Public and Municipal Administration of the State University of Management, Moscow, Russia

THE SPECIFICS OF THE FORMATION OF THE IMAGE OF THE PAST IN THE POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF RUSSIAN YOUTH

The article is devoted to the substantive features of the crystallization of the image of the past in the political consciousness of modern Russian youth. The study highlights such key trends in the formation of ideas about the past among young Russians as the weakness and fragmentation of the cognitive foundation of collective historical memory. It is noted the continuing centrality of the image of the Great Patriotic War and the Victory of 1945 in the system of historical representations of Russian youth. This indicates that the Great Patriotic War continues to maintain its monopoly position as the only «point of intergenerational consolidation» for Russian society. It is pointed out that the image of the past, which is being formed in the minds of modern Russian youth, is largely devoid of transformational and behavioral potential, that is, it does not act as a value-semantic basis for the formation of positive models of political behavior of young Russians. It is emphasized that in modern conditions, the role of the state in managing the historical consciousness of young people, the modernization of the main institutions of political socialization and memory policy, including the search for new formats of historical education for young Russians, is critically important.

Key words: image of the past, youth, generation Z, national-state identity, historical consciousness, historical memory, memory policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.002

M.A. AVDEEV Master's student at the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and GS Under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

E.V. SOBAKAREVA Researcher at the Research and Editorial Publishing Department Rostov Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

A.V. SHEVCHENKO Deputy Head of the Department for Combating Tax Crimes WEB and PC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Rostov region, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

D.K. GRIGORYAN Candidate of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and GS under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

DIGITALIZATION OF STATE AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

This article will consider the concepts of digitalization of public administration and municipal management, which are important aspects of the national and economic security of the Russian Federation. The important parts that form these concepts will be considered, as well as possible progressive and regressive consequences of digital transformation will be analyzed. A particularly important part of the article is the analysis of how mass digitalization affects the national and economic security of the Russian Federation. Concepts such as digital transformation of public administration, digital platforms, artificial intelligence, and digital identification will participate in the consideration of this topic.

Key words: digitalization, economic security, national security, public administration, technological independence.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.003

A.K. SHCHERBACHENKO Doctor of Law, Professor of the Department of Criminalistics and Operational-Investigative Activities RUI MVD, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

A.A. OTARASHVILI Master's student of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

D.K. GRIGORYAN Candidate of political sciences, professor of the department of political science and ethnopolitics RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE RISE OF NATIONAL UNITY DURING A SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION AS A FORMING FACTOR OF NATIONAL SECURITY

This article will consider the concepts of national unity and national security, which are important aspects during the SMO (special military operation). The important parts that form these concepts will be considered, and the views of politicians, military personnel and others on this topic will be analyzed. A particularly important part of this article is the analysis of how the direct unification of citizens of the Russian Federation around interests in this period of time leads to the solution of problems related to national unity and security. The consideration of this topic will involve such concepts as solidarity, social cohesion and unity, national patriotism and its importance in strengthening national security, as well as national projects, movements, funds that allow raising not only the national spirit, but also developing a national idea.

Key words: national unity, national security, national spirit, special military operation, national projects, movements, funds, range of interests, patriotism, national idea.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.004

G.V. PETUSHKOV Vice-Rector of the Russian Technological University MIREA, Moscow, Russia

PROBLEM AND RESOURCE APPROACHES TO THE INTERPRETATION OF STATE YOUTH POLICY IN RUSSIA: PROSPECTS FOR SYNTHESIS

As part of this study, the prospects for the synthesis of resource and problematic approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “youth policy” were evaluated. The work methodology is designed by the use of elements of comparative and structural analysis. The author determines the directions of the synthesis of two approaches and determines the problematic issues of their applied use in the framework of political science.

Key words: youth policy, public policy, resource approach, problem approach, synthesis, Russia.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.005

M.E. AFANASYEVA Undergraduate student at the Faculty of Political Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Presidential Council of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

A.B. MALYAVINA Candidate of Political Sciences, Researcher at the Research and Editorial Publishing Department of the Rostov Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

A.V. SHEVCHENKO Deputy Head of the Department for Combating Tax Crimes of the WEB and PC Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Rostov Region, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

D.K. GRIGORYAN Candidate of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Presidential Council of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

ISSUES OF FORMATION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY AS AN ELEMENT OF NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

This article examines the concepts of "ethnicity", "people", "nationality", "nation", "nationality"; the definition of "national identity" is given. The main features of the formation of national identity are highlighted, the main differences of this component are investigated, and the most successful examples of the formation of national identity in Russian political systems of different eras are studied.

Key words: ethnos, people, nationality, nation, nationality, national identity, identification, citizen, culture.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.006

V.V. SILKIN Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Journalism, Institute of Social Sciences and Public Administration, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

INFORMATION SECURITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE «NEW SOCIAL NORMALITY»: RISKS, MODELS AND METRICS

«Information society», digital revolution, digital transformation are increasingly used in scientific and socio-political discourse as a characteristic of modern society, become the focus of attention in the analysis of ongoing changes in the system of social relations, the social as a whole. The author considers digital transformation, the formation of a new social reality actualize the need to form an adequate response from government institutions, determine optimal parameters that contribute to the sustainability of the development of the public administration system as a dynamic socio-communicative system. The author notes that modern socio-political realities require a high-quality understanding of the place and role of the analysis of configurations of actors in the space of political communication, unfolding information exchanges in the context of digital transformation.

Key words: information society, digital transformation, political communication, new social normality, information security.

ECONOMICAL ISSUES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.007

O.A. KOLOSOVA Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Marketing Department State university of management, Moscow, Russia

A.L. ANDREEVA Сandidate of Sociological Sciences, Senior Lecturer at the Marketing Department of the State University of Management Moscow, Russia

O.L. BEGICHEVA Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Sociology and Advertising Communications, Kosygin Russian State University (Technologies. Design. Art), Moscow, Russia

A.A. KOMAROVA Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Sociology and Advertising Communications, Kosygin Russian State University (Technologies. Design. Art), Moscow, Russia

S.O. NOVOSELSKY Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher at the Research Center for the Study of the History and Development of World Civilizations ANO VO «University of World Civilizations named after. V.V. Zhirinovsky», Researcher, Research Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Economics, Moscow, Russia

METHODOLOGY OF FORMING A STRATEGIC COMPLEX OF CONSUMER LOYALTY MANAGEMENT

Introduction: the article considers the methodological aspects of forming a strategic complex of consumer loyalty management using the example of the hotel business. Loyalty strategy is an element of the strategic development of an enterprise, which is aimed at forming a sustainable long-term consumer demand in the long term. The main indicator of the effectiveness of the loyalty strategy adaptation is the intensity of secondary purchases of customers. At the same time, the fundamental tool for implementing the loyalty strategy should be aimed at establishing a stable emotional connection with consumers of the hotel product. Ensuring the effectiveness of the loyalty strategy development requires compliance with a certain list of principles, the most relevant of which are the principles of complexity, efficiency, consistency, targeting, interactivity, accessibility, consistency. The key criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the loyalty strategy implementation include positive dynamics of key cost indicators in the form of revenue and profit, an increase in the proportion of loyal customers in their total number, an increase in the current competitive characteristics of the hotel enterprise. The purpose of the work is to clarify the most relevant methodological aspects of the formation of a strategic complex for managing consumer loyalty. Research results: the work allowed us to expand the theoretical and methodological space for creating an effective mechanism for managing consumer loyalty in the strategic horizon using the example of the hotel industry.

Key words: loyalty, consumer behavior, marketing tools, loyalty program, loyalty principles.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.008

R.N. SHANGARAEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Economics Professor of the Department of Strategic Communications and Public Administration of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia SPIN-код: 2180-0229 Author ID: 846527 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6557-4388

S.V. GONCHAROV Undergraduate student of the Faculty of International Relations of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia SPIN-код: 7138-5434 AuthorID: 1268809 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9790-5294

PROMISING AREAS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND TURKEY

The purpose of the research. The article is devoted to promising areas of development of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Turkey. Among such areas, the authors highlight trade in energy resources, the supply of secondary products after sanctions against Russia which were imposed by the United States and other Western countries whose acts Russia considers as unfriendly, the development of military and technical cooperation and nuclear spheres. The article presents the turnover figures taken from the Russian information and analytical website TAdviser. Thus, the authors compared the share of exports of secondary products to Russia, where Turkey serves as a major transshipment point for Western goods according to June and July 2024. In October 2024, the share of Russian energy imports was given. The above-written data helps to better understand Turkey's real intent to maintain one of the leading positions in the purchase of Russian oil and gas and to continue to develop bilateral relations in the area. The nuclear industry is also of great interest to both countries, as relations in the area are based on a mutually beneficial cooperation. As for military and technical fields, Turkey is still balancing between Russia and the United States and continues to purchase military technology from these countries, thereby modernizing its defense industry. Moreover, Turkey is still interested in implementing the Turan Army project, but it faces an obstacle, namely the CSTO. Results. As a result of the conducted research, the authors come to the conclusion that the countries will continue to be interested in developing partnership in the above-said areas, as they continue to gain mutual benefits from them. To maintain stable trade turnover and offset the fear of the threat of new sanctions, the authors suggest using cryptocurrency settlements, which can not only simplify, but also guarantee the security of trade between the countries.

Key words: parallel import, energy resources, military and technical cooperation, nuclear power plants, TurkStream.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.009

S.O. NOVOSEL'SKIY Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher of the Scientific Center for the Study of the History and Development of World Civilizations of the ANO VO "University of World Civilizations named after V.V. Zhirinovsky", Researcher of the Laboratory of Scientific Research Work, Moscow Institute of Economics, Moscow, Russia

G.R. TEMIZHEVA Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Director of the Agrarian Institute of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "North Caucasian State Academy", Cherkessk, Russia

N.N. GUBACHEV Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of "Management" of the Institute of Economics and Management of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian State University named after A.N. Kosygina" (Technologies. Design. Art), Moscow, Russia

A.A. RASTORGUEV Lecturer, Department of International Relations and Public Administration, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "South-West State University", Kursk, Russia

S.V. PAVLOV Master, Department of "Public and Municipal Finances", Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Plekhanov Russian University of Economics", Moscow, Russia

IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANISMS OF PROJECT FINANCING OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Introduction: the article considers the features of financing territorial development projects and puts forward proposals for improving this mechanism. Large-scale implementation of territorial projects is necessary to increase the level of socio-economic development of the living space, taking into account the current needs of the population. The advantage of territorial projects is the indicative algorithm for their formation, which is based on the real needs of the population associated with the need to solve the most pressing problems. The complexity of large-scale implementation of territorial projects lies in the lack of a relevant financing mechanism due to the lack of funds in the structure of regional and local budgets. The solution to this problem is seen in the construction of an effective co-financing mechanism, when part of the funds is accumulated within the framework of public initiatives (civic fees, charitable donations, crowdfunding), and the other part, based on the results of agreeing on the relevance of the territorial project, is allocated from budgetary sources at different levels. In this context, we can talk about the need to adapt the TOS financing mechanism with elements of public-regional (municipal) partnership. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the directions for improving the mechanisms of project financing of territorial development based on a study of the existing organizational, economic and legal framework. Research results: the publication materials present the author's initiative to create a mechanism for TOS financing of territorial development projects based on the accumulation of public and regional (local) sources.

Key words: project financing, regional management, municipal management, TOS financing, project management, territorial development, public budget.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.010

A.P. VOLKOV Ph.D. Candidate of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

AREAS OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF THE BRICS COUNTRIES AS A MEANS OF ENSURING ECONOMIC SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CRISIS OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE SYSTEM

The international political situation that has developed in recent years is characterized by an impressive development in the practice of using economic instruments of pressure on the behavior of individual actors in the world political process. The Russian Federation, whose economy is under the influence of an unprecedented number of restrictions, has experienced the greatest scale of this pressure. Economic sanctions as an instrument of international political and geo-economic pressure are used mainly by the United States and its transatlantic allies.

Key words: Russia, BRICS, sanctions, deglobalization, globalization, Global South, economic sovereignty.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.011

D.S. ZHMYKHOVA Student, Department of Socio-Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

E.V. POLEZHAYKINA Lecturer, Department of Socio-Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

D.S. RODIONOVA Lecturer, Department of Socio-Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

TRANSFORMATION OF GAS CO-OPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF SANCTIONS

The paper elaborates on an important and relevant issue in a concise yet informative enough to thoroughly understand and discuss the issue. This work fits into the modern research in the field of International Relations. The author summarises the current state of the object under study, clarifies the key categories of the conceptual apparatus and highlights both new and established approaches to the topic under study. Particular attention is paid to modern political trends and developments in society, while also analysing the opinions of specialists – political scientists with a focus on socio-cultural and political aspects of our time in the context of the raised problem. The researcher shares his point of view on the phenomenon in question and formulates scientific objectives for further research in this area. The article is an attempt to summarise the current state of the phenomenon under study and to draw original conclusions that reflect the author's unique approach to the analysed process. The author formulates his vision of the future development of the topic under discussion, while the current presentation is characterised by clarity and accessibility, which allows the reader to better understand the author's personal position. The conclusions and recommendations proposed in the paper will help to compare the current state of the object under study with future trends, which, in turn, will allow the author to further identify key tasks and develop methods for carrying out both quantitative and qualitative empirical research within the framework of this topic.

Key words: gas co-operation, political processes, sanctions.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.012

PING FENG Postgraduate student of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, China ORCID id: 0000-0002-0121-9552

S.B. ZAINULLIN PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of National Economics, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia ORCID id: 0000-0001-9818-4706

RISKS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF ENTERPRISE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE MODERN WORLD

Digital transformation has become the only way for enterprises and organizations to enhance their competitiveness and achieve sustainable development. However, in the process of digital transformation, security risks also increase, becoming a key factor restricting the success of transformation. This paper studies the main security risks involved in digital transformation, and analyzes the security challenges faced in the process of digital transformation, such as data leakage, cyber attacks, system vulnerability, insufficient management system, and personnel negligence. On this basis, this paper proposes a series of strategies and suggestions to deal with the security risks of digital transformation, aiming to help enterprises and organizations establish a sound security management system, improve security protection capabilities, and ensure the smooth progress of digital transformation.

Key words: digitalization, enterprise transformation, digital economy, digital security, risk management.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.013

D.A. AFINOGENOV Doctor of Political Sciences, Member of the Scientific Council of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, expert of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Full State Adviser of the Russian Federation, third class, Moscow, Russia

I.V. STARODUB Colonel of the Reserve, Candidate of Political Sciences, Acting Head of the Department of Public Administration and National Security of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

STRATEGIC PLANNING IN GREATER EURASIA: A SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROBLEM

The article presents various conceptual views on the development of the Eurasian space, the place and role of Russia in building security in Eurasia. It is shown that from the point of view of strategic planning, the issues of using interstate security tools in the Greater Eurasian space were practically not considered.

The article analyzes various difficulties in the implementation of accepted international strategic planning documents related to the different approaches of the Eurasian states to the level of strategic planning culture, forecasting horizons, tools for achieving forward-looking goals, and approaches to understanding the value and worldview foundations of security policy. It is indicated that the generalized essence of strategic goal-setting in greater Eurasia should be considered the creation of conditions for the formation of a Eurasian security system.

It is proposed to develop an Act (an interstate agreement, a joint declaration) on the principles of strategic planning, priority areas, goals and objectives of its development in the Eurasian space for the entire Greater Eurasian space, as well as to form a unified algorithm for achieving forward-looking goals for the Eurasian states.

Key words: Eurasian space, national security, strategic planning, goal setting, strategic forecasting, international cooperation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.014

A.A. TUSHKOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor at the Academy of Military Sciences Moscow, Russia

I.Yu. SOMOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Foreign Regional Studies V.V. Zhirinovsky University of World Civilizations, Moscow, Russia

A.S. NEMCHANINOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Doctoral student at the Peter the Great Strategic Missile Forces Military Academy, Moscow, Russia

A.N. NEKHOROSHEVA Graduate student Institute of Linguistic Translation Technologies and Development of International Communications, Autonomous Non-profit Organization of Higher Education "V.V. Zhirinovsky University of World Civilizations", Moscow, Russia

АTHE ARCTIC-ATLANTIC REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING RUSSIA'S NATIONAL INTERESTS: A TRANSPARENT VIEW OF THE PROBLEM OF STRUCTURING

In recent years, approaches to structuring the Arctic have become increasingly relevant in the domestic and foreign scientific literature, both in political and legal aspects. This is due to the increased interest of a number of Arctic, near-Arctic and "near-Arctic" countries in this region, both in terms of the resource base and ensuring national interests. The Arctic region, rich in natural resources and strategically important for international trade, needs clear management and coordination of the actions of various countries claiming its riches. Structuring the Arctic implies the creation of an effective regulatory framework and management system that can take into account the interests of both the participating States and the indigenous population. An important aspect is the development of norms and standards governing activities in the field of environmental protection, resource extraction and safety on sea routes. Existing international mechanisms, such as the Arctic Council, play a key role, but their capabilities are limited. In this regard, the article discusses the main concepts, their features, advantages and disadvantages. The authors analyze various structures proposed by both domestic and foreign researchers. In particular, scientists representing the interests of countries with no direct access to the Arctic region. As a result of the analysis, a conclusion is drawn about the future prospects for the formation of the Arctic system. In this regard, an approach to a transparent understanding of the structuring of the region will enable the military and political leadership of our country to build adequate measures to ensure the security of the state and the realization of Russia's national interests.

Key words: national interests of Russia, Arctic, theory of polar sectors, conventional theory, Arctic group, near-Arctic states, non-Arctic states, "near-Arctic states".

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.015

R.V. PENKOVTSEV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy, Institute of International Relations, Kazan Federal University (Volga Region) University, Kazan, Russia

A.D. ERMILOV Postgraduate student of the Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy at the Institute of International Relations, Kazan Federal University (Volga Region) University, Kazan, Russia ORCID: 0009-0000-0659-7715

"NON-CLASSICAL WARS" IN THE ERA OF GEOPOLITICAL COMPETITION: NEW CHALLENGES AND THREATS TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY

The article examines modern challenges and threats to global and national security in the context of geopolitical competition through the prism of the emergence of the phenomenon of "non-classical warfare". The author analyzes the evolution of military strategies, noting that traditional armed forces equipped with kinetic and nuclear weapons play rather a deterrent role in the modern world. Instead, non-military factors of power, such as economic, political, and informational-psychological instruments of influence, are becoming increasingly important. Special attention is paid to the concept of "non-classical" warfare, which allows achieving strategic goals without the direct use of military force. The author emphasizes that such methods as information-psychological and cognitive warfare are becoming key tools in modern geopolitics. The article also analyzes the economic and technological constraints that make classical military intervention less attractive. It is noted that the development of information and communication technologies opens up new opportunities for non-interventional aggression, which requires a revision of traditional approaches to ensuring security.

Key words: non-classical wars, information and psychological warfare, hybrid warfare, non-interventional aggression.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.016

M.V. SHTOLL Postgraduate student of the Diplomatic Academy Russian Foreign Ministry, Moscow, Russia

ON THE ISSUE OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HISTORY IN THE ARCTIC REGION

The Arctic region is under the focus of special attention since the beginning of the 20th century. In this regard, scientific discussions about the right to develop the Arctic covered the entire 20th century. At the same time, confusion often arises in the concepts characterizing the Arctic region. In this regard, this article is devoted to the history of the Arctic region and the corresponding terminology development.

Key words: circumpolar countries, circumpolar civilizations, Arctic region, subarctic region, circumpolar states, polar region, far north.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.017

E.V. LIMANSKAYA Undergraduate of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and GS under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

N.S. DELOV Candidate of Law Sciences. Associate Professor of the Department of Criminology and Operational Investigative Activities FGKOU in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

METHODS AND STRATEGIES OF USING SOFT POWER IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL INTERACTIONS

This article is devoted to the study of soft power, its basic principles and criteria in building a personal brand, as well as determining its role in modern foreign policy. The analysis of the soft power rating is carried out, where the leading powers are represented and their methods of influencing and improving their image abroad, as well as their ability to resolve international conflicts in the most peaceful and effective ways, are determined. The tools of the Russian "soft power" and the improvement of its image on the world stage are considered.

Key words: soft power, soft power indices, diplomacy, hard power, international conflicts.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.018

G.V. ABILOVA Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Department of Pedagogical Culture and Education Management at Moscow State Institute of International Relations, director of BRICS+ International School, Moscow, Russia ORCID: 0009-0003-8598-0203

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL VALUE BENCHMARKING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSTATE EDUCATION PROGRAMMES WITHIN BRICS

The integration of social values benchmarking into the educational structures of the BRICS countries arises as an epistemic necessity – transnational educational initiatives remain structurally limited due to axiological asymmetry (divergence in the paradigms of value transmission hinders systemic compatibility). The study explores the possibility of standardising social values in interstate educational programmes, assessing the degree of value transferability in national curricula. A multi-level analytical approach was used: content analysis (deciphering implicit/explicit hierarchies of values in educational policy documents), expert surveys (identifying institutional perceptions of values harmonisation) and cross-cultural comparative modelling (identifying ideological fault lines in the pedagogical systems of the BRICS countries). The empirical data demonstrate sharp polarities: China and Russia exhibit entrenched curricular insularity (≤20% transportability), while Brazil and South Africa prioritise pedagogical adaptability (≥60% transnational integration); India remains structurally bifurcated (41%), oscillating between cultural preservation and global epistemic imperatives. The study develops axiological calibration models, a structured mechanism for BRICS curriculum alignment without epistemic erosion (adaptive recalibration ensures gradual standardisation while preserving national pedagogical sovereignty). The findings help education diplomacy to synchronise localised epistemologies and global benchmarking metrics – policymakers can use differentiated integration frameworks to mitigate the incommensurability of national and transnational educational imperatives.

Key words: social values, educational adaptation, international cooperation, curriculum development, cultural diversity, technological integration, policy implications.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.019

P.I.M. BARRUSH Postgraduate student of Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Ufa, Russia

N.E. VALITOVA Postgraduate student of Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Ufa, Russia

E.S. GAREEV Postgraduate student of Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Ufa, Russia

AUTHORITARIANISM AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN SOUTH AFRICA

The article examines the features of the political structure in South Africa. The stages and features of the transition from authoritarianism to a democratic regime are described. The features of the democratization processes are analyzed, as well as problems in this area are identified. The purpose of the study is to analyze the process of transition from authoritarianism to a democratic regime in South Africa, identify the key features of democratization, as well as identify the main problems and challenges faced by the country in modern conditions. The transition from authoritarianism to democracy in South Africa has been an important step in the country's development, but final democratization requires further efforts. Reducing social inequality, fighting corruption and ensuring political pluralism remain key challenges for strengthening democracy.

Key words: authoritarianism, democratization, democracy in South Africa, democratic processes, political repression, the political system of South Africa, problems of democracy development.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.020

V.M. VARGINA Degree seeker of the Department of World Policics, MGIMO University of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

INTERNATIONALISATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION AS AN INSTRUMENT OF “SOFT” POWER OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA IN THE REGIONAL CONTEXT

Higher education represents a comprehensive institution capable of influencing the development of a state both at the local and international levels. At the same time, the higher education system of a country cannot be considered in isolation from the external world in the modern context of intercultural dialogue and globalization. This article analyzes the experience of the Republic of Korea in establishing an innovative higher education system and its internationalization. This issue is distinguished by its research novelty and the uniqueness of South Korea's rapid development. The aim of the study is to identify the key mechanisms and tools for the development of the national education system, as well as to determine its competitive advantages and best practices. Accordingly, the author accomplished the following tasks: to characterize the regional positioning of the Republic of Korea in this field of international humanitarian cooperation, to thoroughly examine regional specifics, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Korean system. The key research method employed is a comparative analysis of qualitative and quantitative indicators of the Republic of Korea's partner countries, among which the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the United States occupy a special place due to their active participation in global political processes and the development of the Asian region. Based on data from state programs and regulatory documents of international cooperation, as well as statistical indicators from national and international agencies, regional and global trend of the internationalization of higher education has been identified. The results of the study reveal the main advanttages for the use of the internationalization of higher education in the Republic of Korea as an instrument of “soft” power: the advancement of innovative technologies, the government-business-university triad; as well as the need for further development of the internationalisation mechanisms.

Key words: higher education, Republic of Korea, soft power, East Asia, internationalisation of education.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.021

I.V. GRIGORYAN Student, Department of Socio-Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

M.V. AFONIN Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Department of Socio-Political Institutions, Processes and Technologies, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

A.A. DENISOV Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages and Culture, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia

ECOWAS AND CEEAC: CO-OPERATION OR COMPETITION

Over the past 20 years, West and Central African states have signed an increasing number of regional agreements. The number of organisations established under these agreements has increased, and at the same time they have either expanded their mandates to include peace and security (in the case of long-established organisations) or evolved into new bodies dealing with peace and security issues. Thus, the number of organisations, the scope of their mandates and the number of activities they collectively engage in have increased. The increase in the number of African regional organisations and their peace and security mandates has resulted in overlapping mandates and membership. This has political, financial and social costs. This article examines some aspects of the activities of two major regional organisations in Africa: ECOWAS and CEEAC, with a view to exploring the feasibility of creating and operating a large number of alliances in one region, the impact on strengthening cooperation between countries, and possible prospects for further regional cooperation.

Key words: ECOWAS, CEEAS, regional integration, co-operation in Africa.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.022

G.V. SAVOSTOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History Patrice Lumumba RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

THE HISTORY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND POLAND IS NOT THE SUBJECT OF AN AGREEMENT (HISTORIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW)

In a historiographical review of monographs, scientific articles, and periodicals by Polish and Russian historians, an attempt has been made to analyze the views of Russian-Polish relations that have developed in this field of science. The results of the study in the form of conclusions and conclusions can be presented in the following terms: the historiography of Russian-Polish relations has taken the place of immoderate historical interpretations in the knowledge of truth, truth, reliability of events and phenomena. Its potential transition to a calmer and deeper analysis and interpretation remains unfulfilled, but it is not catastrophic either. As it becomes clear, the most realistic position on both sides will be the answers to the question: has history not preserved, apart from disasters and sufferings, distrust and contempt, russophobia and polonophobia, the immortal virtue of joint historical work to remain oneself. The answers to this survey are able to offer politicians and historians a program and action plans for changing circumstances and difficulties, among which there is a way to live together on the same continent and even in the same ecumenical community. The idealism of liberal democratic postulates, the expectation of using external forces on the side of Poland, has not yet been touched by criticism of taking into account the vital interests of another country and another people – Russia. The purely romantic, unsupported by a deep materialistic analysis of the background of Polish historians about their Polish identity, the calculation of the policy adopted by Europeans and Americans in solidarity with the Poles, still remains. In response, Russia and Russian historians, with strong traditions behind them, demonstrate a movement towards an imperial system of thought and politics. There will be no agreements or compromises in the polemical battles of the historians of the two countries. History is not a deal. What is possible and desirable at this stage is to move towards an open recognition of mutual interests. Is this really going to be the end of the two countries' relations? We invite you to a discussion.

Key words: Poland, Russian Federation, Polish-Russian relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.023

V.V. SINCHUK Master's student of Department of the Global Studies (Globalistics) of the Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow State University Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

CHINA'S RESPONSE TO THE DEEPENING US-PHILIPPINES RELATIONS: GEOPOLITICAL AND STRATEGIC ASPECTS

This article examines China's response to the strengthening of US-Philippines relations within the broader geopolitical context of the Asia-Pacific region. It explores the underlying motivations for the Philippines' closer alignment with the United States, particularly in relation to security concerns in the South China Sea and efforts to counterbalance China’s expanding military capabilities. The study analyzes key developments in bilateral cooperation, including official US statements reaffirming commitments to the defense of the Philippines if China were to aggress, the expansion of US military presence, military arms transfers, and joint military exercises. Furthermore, it assesses China's retaliatory measures, encompassing diplomatic pressure, intensified maritime activities, and warnings of potential consequences for the Philippines. The findings suggest that the US-Philippines partnership is primarily designed to counter China's influence in the region, reinforcing Washington’s broader containment strategy and prompting China to adopt more assertive countermeasures.

Key words: international relations, China, United States, Philippines, geopolitics, South China Sea, Asia-Pacific region.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.024

M.R. RAKHIMOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History of the Chechen State University named after A.A. Kadyrov, Grozny, Russia

R.A. TOVSULTANOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History of the Chechen State University named after A.A. Kadyrov, Grozny, Russia

L.N. GALIMOVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of SGN1 "History" of the Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman (National Research University), Moscow, Russia

EFFECTIVENESS OF CHECHEN-ARAB RELATIONS DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF R.A. KADYROV

The article is devoted to the analysis of the effectiveness of Chechen-Arab relations during the period when Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov was at the head of the Chechen Republic. Relying on historical, religious and cultural ties, the Chechen leader brought cooperation with the Arab world to the level of strategic partnership. It is emphasized that Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov managed to turn Chechnya into one of the key instruments of Russian diplomacy in the Middle East. The attention is focused on Chechnya's cooperation with Arab partners in the field of security and the fight against terrorism. In particular, under the leadership of the head of the Chechen Republic, the Russian Special Forces University was established in Gudermes, designed to train elite fighters for the law enforcement agencies of friendly states, including Arab ones. Using the example of the Chechen Republic, the Russian Federation shared with Arab colleagues its best practices in countering radical ideology, deradicalization of militants, and social rehabilitation of young people. The achievements in the political, economic and humanitarian spheres are considered, as well as the role of Chechnya as a conductor of Russian interests in the Middle East. The author concludes that the Chechen experience is important for building Russia's relations with key international partners. It is stated that the effectiveness of Chechen-Arab cooperation during the period when Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov was at the head of the Chechen Republic can be considered not only as a significant contribution to strengthening Russia's position in the Middle East, but also as a kind of model for building relations with key partners in other areas, and therefore as valuable political and diplomatic capital. As a result, the effectiveness of Chechen-Arab relations is assessed as a valuable political and diplomatic capital in demand for solving Russia's strategic tasks in the 21st century.

Key words: Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, Arab world, Russian-Arab relations, Islam, security, fight against terrorism, humanitarian cooperation, Russian foreign policy, Middle East.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.025

A.M. SHARAPOV PhD student at the Department of International Relations, World Politics and Diplomacy, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russian https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6904-2977

FEATURES OF MEDIA RESOURCES AS A SOURCE FOR THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

This work is a comprehensive analysis of media resources as a source on the history of international relations. The author examines in detail the features and limitations of various categories of media sources, including periodicals, electronic documents and online media resources. A comparative analysis of the methods of working with classical and digital formats is carried out, key problems of verification and use of media data in the study of international processes are identified. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of electronic documents and "born-digital" sources, characterized by vagueness of authorship, decentralized distribution and the absence of established validation standards. The author emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to the study of media resources, combining traditional source study methods with the latest achievements in the field of digital technology and information security. The conducted analysis allows us to conclude that media sources are an integral, but difficult to use category of sources on international relations. Their effective use requires a critical analysis of the content for ideological coloring and reliability of information, studying the context of creation and distribution, as well as the use of modern tools for extracting and analyzing metadata. Only a comprehensive approach to media data verification will allow international relations researchers to obtain objective information necessary for a deep understanding of contemporary global processes.

Key words: public diplomacy, media resources, digital sources, electronic documents, international relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2025.67.2.026

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House "Science Today" Moscow, Russia

NON-CLASSICAL WARS: MODERN APPROACHES TO CONDUCT HYBRID WARS PART III

The article is devoted to the analysis of scientific articles and studies published in the journals of the Higher Attestation Commission list of the Publishing House "Science Today" on the key concepts of non-classical and hybrid wars. The review consists of three parts. The author considers various approaches to defining the essence of the concepts of "hybrid war", "non-classical wars". It is emphasized that for a comprehensive analysis of non-classical wars, interdisciplinary research is required from political scientists, sociologists, historians and military specialists. It is noted that these studies require further study of the problem in the context of modern challenges and threats associated with the changing nature of military conflicts. As the results of the review of publications show, the study of various military-political aspects of the course of the SVO in Ukraine have great scientific, theoretical and practical significance.

Key words: review of scientific publications, journals of the publishing house "Science Today", interdisciplinary nature, military-political aspect, non-classical wars, hybrid wars, local nature, diplomatic methods, international security, modern challenges, the Armed Forces of Russia, the SVO in Ukraine.

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№ 2 (67), 2025