№ 2 (55), 2024

Academic journal “Eurasian Union: Issues of International Relations”. Volume 13, Issue 2 (55), 2024

CONTENTS

POLICY

Titov V.V. Russian National-State Identity in the Context of Information and Political Challenges of the Early 2020th
Abbasov O.T. Diversity of Approaches to Understanding the State
Kachurenko D.S. Digitalization of Education and its Impact on Some Aspects of National Security
Bolshakov S.N. Thomism and the Socio-Political Principle of Subsidiary in the Encyclicals of the Roman Catholic Church
Elistratova S.S., Rodionova M.E. The Role of Public Opinion in the Election Campaign. Information-Manipulative Methods of Mass Media to Influence Public Opinion
Suleimanov E.A. Implementation of State Information Policy in Modern Conditions

ECONOMY

Vorobev D.I., Ignatova M.N., Khairullin M.F., Novoselsky S.O., Levshakova S.R. Financing Mechanisms for Territorial Development Projects
Khairullin M.F., Pakhomova Yu.A., Vorobev D.I., Bereznyakovsky V.S., Novoselsky S.O. Corporate Social Responsibility as a Factor of Sustainable Development
Shitova M.A., Bredikhin A.V. Trends in Stock Markets of BRICS Countries During the Global Crisis of 2022-2024. Part 1
Golikov B.I. “One Belt – One Road” Initiative as the New “Beijing Consensus”
Zainullin S.B., Akhadov R.A. Prospects for the Development of Sberbank of Russia PJSC in the Eurasian Space

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Wang Feixian. A Brief Analysis of the Development of China's "Belt and Road" Initiative from a Global Historical Perspective and its Impact on Other Countries
Tushkov A.A., Tikhonov M.L., Somova I.Yu., Amelchenko A.Yu. The Overton Window of the Armenian-Azerbaijani Knot of Contradictions
Fedorenko U.V. Research Problems of China’s Periphery Diplomacy in Eurasian Political Space
Han Wenxin. Public Opinion and Decision Making: How the Perception of China by American Society Affects Changes in Foreign Policy
Mekh D.V., Shitikova Yu.A. Diplomatic Relations Between China and Japan: Problems and Prospects
Vidiaev G.S. The Problem of Hunger in the Modern World: Status, Causes and Approaches to Solution
Glubokaya O.A. Doctrinal Nuances of the National Interests of the Italian Republic in the Mediterranean
Che Qingzhou, Kalashnikova N.P., Byulegenova B.B. Sino-American Relations (Under President Barack Obama)
Liangbobo. International Policy of the Russian Federation in the Context of Solving the Problems of Terrorism
Oguz Sahbaz. Image of Russıa in the Years of Armıstıce (1918-1923) in the Turkısh Press

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS OF PUBLICATIONS

Medvedev N.P. Russian-Chinese Relations: on the Question of the Direction of Research Chinese Authors

POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.001

V.V. TITOV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of the Department of Public and Municipal Administration of the State University of Management, Moscow, Russia

RUSSIAN NATIONAL-STATE IDENTITY IN THE CONTEXT OF INFORMATION AND POLITICAL CHALLENGES OF THE EARLY 2020th

The article is dedicated to the key information and political challenges addressed to the Russian national-state identity in the early 2020th. These challenges include: deepening of value-semantic intergenerational divisions in modern Russian society, attempts at comprehensive dehumanization of Russia actively undertaken in the digital space, increasing fragmentation and negation of the image of the future in the mass consciousness. These challenges carry a serious destructive potential and were intensified in 2022-2024 through targeted external information and psychological attacks on Russian society and the Russian statehood.

It is noted that the key vector of countering these challenges today is the modernization of the state identity policy in the Russian Federation, including the formulation of and the implementation of the policy of constructing a national-state image of the future.

Key words: national-state identity, information and political challenges, digital transformation, simulated reality, total dehumanization, image of the future.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.002

O.T. ABBASOV Senior lecturer at the department of fundamental legal and social and humanitarian disciplines MFPU "Synergy", Moscow, Russia

DIVERSITY OF APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING THE STATE

This article is devoted to the problem of interpretation of the definition of “state”. The article discusses the main approaches to understanding the state, according to which one can highlight certain options for interpreting this definition. The purpose of the article is to analyze the nature of the state – as a political and social institution. The study uses analytical and comparative methods. It is concluded that the state is not only a union of people, but also a certain organization.

Key words: state, political organization, social union, cybernetic approach, Marxist theory.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.003

D.S. KACHURENKO Undergraduate student of Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia

DIGITALIZATION OF EDUCATION AND ITS IMPACT ON SOME ASPECTS OF NATIONAL SECURITY

Digitalization is considered both as an objective trend affecting social processes and relationships around the world, and as one of the directions of state policy in the field of education. It is noted that the dynamics of equipping educational institutions with computer equipment, software and Internet access indicates a high rate of modernization of the educational environment in Russia. Two nodes of problems that arise and grow in connection with the impact of digitalization on the Russian educational system are identified. It is emphasized that while these problems are only being comprehended by researchers, they are being discovered and resolved in specific educational practices and technologies.

Key words: digitalization of education, educational system, educational environment, national security, inequality, educational law, academic freedom.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.004

S.N. BOLSHAKOV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Professor of the Department of Political Science and Applied Political Work of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution "Russian State Social University", Moscow, Russia

THOMISM AND THE SOCIO-POLITICAL PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARY IN THE ENCYCLICALS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

The article reveals the evolution of understanding and semantic interpretation of the principle of subsidiarity. On the example of the encyclicals of the Roman Catholic Church, the modern meaning of subsidiarity as the most important principle of the social organization of society is analyzed. The encyclicals of the Catholic Church emphasize the importance of the principle of subsidiarity in building a more democratic and equal society. The article deals with the interpretation and promotion of subsidiarity in modern Catholic social thought through the prism of Thomistic teaching.

Key words: subsidiarity, society, church, state, politics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.005

S.S. ELISTRATOVA Bachelor of Finance University, marketing specialist of Effective Marketing LLC, St. Petersburg, Russia

M.E. RODIONOVA Ph.D. in Sociology, Associate Professor of the Departmenr of Political Science and Mass Communication, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC OPINION IN THE ELECTION CAMPAIGN. INFORMATION-MANIPULATIVE METHODS OF MASS MEDIA TO INFLUENCE PUBLIC OPINION

During the electoral race, citizens act not only as the main recipient of content, but also as a tool for achieving the goals set: from rallying the masses around one candidate to destabilizing the entire political system. Consequently, the competent usage of manipulative technologies by the mass media helps to control public opinion and operate him to achieve different goals.

This article is devoted to the role of public opinion in the election campaign, as well as information and manipulative methods of the media to influence mass consciousness.

Goal: to identify the role of public opinion in the electoral process with an emphasis on the manipulative component.

Method or methodology of the work: the article applies theoretical research methods: analysis and classification of information-manipulative techniques of mass media; practical methods: consideration of the role of public opinion based on the example of the Georgian case of 2003; historical methodology for understanding the development of the term "public opinion".

Results: public opinion performs a dual function in the electoral process, acting simultaneously as an informant and as a recipient for the headquarters of political technologists. The mass media "construct" public opinion, using different methods of manipulation.

Scope of application of the results: it is advisable to apply the results obtained in journalistic practice, as well as in the work of the election headquarters of political technologists.

Key words: public opinion, electoral race, information-manipulative methods, mass media, electoral process.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.006

E.A. SULEIMANOV Graduate student of the faculty of journalism IGSU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE INFORMATION POLICY IN MODERN CONDITIONS

The article discusses the implementation of the state's information policy as one of the key areas. It is noted that the introduction of modern digital technologies into all spheres of public life and the formation on their basis of a strong and independent information policy contributes to the successful integration of the state into a single information space.

Information at the present stage of development of society is the most powerful strategic resource. An important criterion for the development of any state is the degree of its involvement in the global information space.

The primary goal of state information policy is to establish a dialogue between society and the state, as well as harmonize mutual interests.

Key words: information policy, information society, information, informatization, digitalization.

ECONOMY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.007

D.I. VOROBEV Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Management and state municipal administration Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Moscow State Technical University named after. K.G. Razumovsky» (PKU)», Moscow, Russia

M.N. IGNATOVA Candidate of pedagogical sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations and government controlled», Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Southwestern State University», Kursk, Russia

M.F. KHAIRULLIN Candidate of Technical Sciences, Acting dean, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Moscow State Technical University named after. K.G. Razumovsky» (PKU)», Moscow, Russia

S.O. NOVOSELSKY Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Russian Academy of Economics, Leading Researcher at the Research Center for the Study of the History and Development of World Civilizations ANO VO «University of World Civilizations named after. V.V. Zhirinovsky», Moscow, Russia

S.R. LEVSHAKOVA Student of the Department of International Relations and government controlled», Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Southwestern State University», Kursk, Russia

FINANCING MECHANISMS FOR TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

Introduction: the work examines variable mechanisms for financing territorial development projects that provide solutions to current socio-economic problems. Each territorial development project has a specific focus of impact, the achievement of which expands the capacity of a favorable living environment for citizens. The use of tools of the people's budget and public-private partnership allows us to expand the capabilities of the mechanism for financing territorial projects of socio-economic development. Increasing the capacity of the financial base generates prerequisites for scaling effective design solutions in the field of municipal management, ensuring an increase in the comfort of the living environment of citizens.

Purpose and objectives: the purpose of the work is to study existing practices and search for alternative instruments for financing territorial development projects. This goal is achieved by solving the following tasks:

– identify and group the main sources of financing for territorial development projects;

– characterize the legal basis for the use of financial instruments in territorial management;

– present the algorithm and fundamental principles for implementing the mechanism for financing territorial development projects.

Research results: the team of authors clarified the theoretical and methodological aspects of implementing the mechanism for financing territorial development projects based on specifying the essential component, classifying financial instruments, generalizing the legal framework, highlighting the fundamental principles of the organization and constructing a general algorithm for project financing.

Key words: project financing, people's budget, public-private partnership, municipal management.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.008

YU.A. PAKHOMOVA Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Procurement, Management and Public Administration, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «State University of Education», Moscow, Russia

D.I. VOROBEV Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Management and state municipal Administration Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Moscow State Technical University named after. K.G. Razumovsky» (PKU)», Moscow, Russia

V.S. BEREZNYAKOVSKY Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Management and state municipal administration Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Moscow State Technical University named after. K.G. Razumovsky» (PKU)», Moscow, Russia

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AS A FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Introduction: the paper presents the results of a study of the essential component of corporate social responsibility as a factor in the sustainable development of companies and territories. The current socio-economic situation requires adaptation of the conceptual framework of sustainable development in the corporate management system, which forms relatively new strategic priorities. The use of this management paradigm shifts the center of gravity of management impact from financial to socio-economic indicators. The installation of the principles of social responsibility in the management circuit is the most important factor of strategic competitiveness, and also ensures the formation of more capacious opportunities for building a long-term track of sustainable development in a variable macroeconomic environment.

Purpose and objectives: the purpose of the work is to study the significance and features of the use of the principles of corporate social responsibility in the management framework of the company. Achieving the set goal occurs as a result of solving the following tasks:

– highlight key aspects of the importance of corporate social responsibility in the modern socio-economic space;

– formulate the imperatives for assessing the effectiveness of the mechanism of socially responsible behavior of the corporation;

– group the main elements of the organizational and legal component of the mechanism of socially responsible behavior of the corporation.

Research results: the team of authors clarified the essential aspects and fundamental principles of corporate social responsibility as a factor in the sustainable development of the company and its role in reducing socio-economic risks in the territory of presence. The author's interpretation presents the basic imperatives of performance assessment and the key elements of the organizational and legal component of the mechanism of socially responsible behavior of the corporation.

Key words: corporate social responsibility, social investment, sustainable development, strategic management.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.009

M.A. SHITOVA Master's student, Department of Sociology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

A.V. BREDIKHIN Candidate of Historical Sciences, Researcher at the Center "Russia, China, the World" of the Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

TRENDS IN STOCK MARKETS OF BRICS COUNTRIES DURING THE GLOBAL CRISIS OF 2022-2024. PART 1

The article is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of development of stock markets of the BRICS member countries: Brazil, Russia, India. The features of the securities markets of each country are considered, as well as the changes that occurred in the stock markets of the candidate countries after joining BRICS. The role of BRICS within the framework of the global transforming world and the system of supranational integration projects is presented.

Key words: BRICS, stock market, economics, finance, financial market, securities market, investments, shares, geopolitics.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.010

B.I. GOLIKOV PhD student at the Faculty of Global Processes Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia

“ONE BELT – ONE ROAD” INITIATIVE AS THE NEW “BEIJING CONSENSUS”

The work examines the Chinese “One Belt, One Road” initiative, proclaimed by the current leader of the PRC Xi Jinping in 2013, which a decade later grew from an idea into a global economic and strategic project of China. According to the plan, thanks to the implementation of the initiative, it will be possible to connect Asia, Africa, Europe and even Latin America by land and sea. Thus, the first transport, logistics and trade routes of the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and the “Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century” are being created.

The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between the aforementioned Belt and Road Initiative and the Chinese economic development model. A comparative analysis of the experience of reforms along the path of the “Washington” and “Beijing Consensus” is provided. Western and non-Western economic models are contrasted.

Key words: Washington Consensus, Beijing Consensus, Chinese initiative, G7, globalization, economic model.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.011

S.B. ZAINULLIN PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of National Economics, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

R.A. AKHADOV Student of the Master's degree, Faculty of Economics The direction "Corporate Economics and Business Management" of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SBERBANK OF RUSSIA PJSC IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

The article examines the concept of the "banking system", identifies problems concerning most Russian banks and highlights the problems of the development of PJSC Sberbank of Russia itself, in particular sanctions, fraud, the use of cloud platforms, and also considers the advantages and obstacles of using artificial intelligence in the work of PJSC Sberbank of Russia, and also prospects for the company's development in Eurasia.

Key words: banking system, bank, artificial intelligence, sanctions, cloud technologies, problems of development of banks, Sberbank of Russia, Central Bank.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.012

WANG FEIXIAN Graduate student of Russian Friendship University peoples named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow, Russia

A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA'S "BELT AND ROAD" INITIATIVE FROM A GLOBAL HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ITS IMPACT ON OTHER COUNTRIES

China's "One Belt, One Road" construction has become a hot issue of widespread concern at home and abroad. Proposing this strategy is an important step for China as a world power to pursue comprehensive diplomacy in the 21st century. It is naturally developed in response to the development of the situation. This is not only an economic exchange, but also a country exchange, access to the global level, unification and stimulation of the coordinated development of neighboring countries. This is a critical step in building a community with a shared future. Combined with an overall historical perspective, the three phases of the Belt and Road Initiative, using military trade as an example, deeply analyze the feasibility of the initiative from a trade facilitation perspective.

Proposing the Belt and Road strategic concept meets the needs of countries along the route, opens a new window of opportunity for countries along the route, and provides a new platform for international cooperation and international trade. “One Belt, One Road” is an acronym for the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (the English acronym is OBAOR (One Belt and One Road)).

The Belt and Road Initiative covers Asia as well as parts of Europe and Africa. The Silk Road Economic Belt includes Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, etc. The Maritime Silk Road Economic Belt includes Egypt, Kenya, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.

As part of the Belt and Road strategy, China has established the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Silk Road Fund to support projects in infrastructure, resource development, industrial cooperation and financial cooperation in Belt and Road countries. This strategy will use infrastructure construction as a breakthrough point to expand the scope of cooperation between the two sides, provide huge business opportunities along the Belt and Road, attract international exchanges and cooperation in various aspects such as transportation, industry, finance and international trade, strengthening trade, currency and cultural ties. The Belt and Road Initiative is having a positive impact on population and employment decline in China.

Key words: "One Belt, One Road", military trade, opportunities, global historical perspective, trade promotion.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.013

A.A. TUSHKOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Military Academy of Strategic Missile Forces named after Peter the Great, Moscow, Russia

M.L. TIKHONOV Doctor of Military Sciences Military Academy of Strategic Missile Forces named after Peter the Great, Moscow, Russia

I.YU. SOMOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Foreign Regional Studies, Zhirinovsky University of World Civilizations, Moscow, Russia

A.YA. AMELCHENKO Student at the Institute of Language and Translation Technology and the Development of International Communication, Zhirinovsky University of World Civilizations, Moscow, Russia

THE OVERTON WINDOW OF THE ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI KNOT OF CONTRADICTIONS

In this article, the authors turned to highlighting an urgent topic – the node of the political contradictions of the Transcaucasian countries, on the resolution of which the security and ensuring of Russia's national interests in a region strategically important for the country depend. The geopolitical interests of not only Russia, but also Armenia and Azerbaijan were intertwined in this knot, when Artsakh retreated to the latter after many years of bloody events. Both Turkey and Iran, as well as a number of countries of the collective West, are interested in resolving political contradictions. In particular, France, which has actively intervened and is trying to solve its political and military-economic interests by supplying military equipment and lethal weapons to Armenia. The statement by Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan on his readiness to withdraw from the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) if "this structure does not fulfill its obligations and does not recognize its area of responsibility", made at a press conference on March 12, 2024, does not contribute to resolving the conflict. The relations between Russia and Armenia directly affected the near border and all cross-border relations of the Transcaucasian countries. The problem of resolving these contradictions, taking into account all stakeholders, is not a matter of one day and requires the political leadership of Russia to pursue a multi-vector policy to take into account the interests of all regional players.

Key words: Transcaucasian countries, the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, the Zangezur corridor, the Lachin corridor, France.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.014

U.V. FEDORENKO Assistant Professor of the Department of International Relations and Law at Vladivostok State University, Vladivostok, Russia

RESEARCH PROBLEMS OF CHINA’S PERIPHERY DIPLOMACY IN EURASIAN POLITICAL SPACE

Today it has become clear that two powerful trends have emerged in the world: polycentrism in politics and globalization in economics. The old world order has been replaced by a new one, which is still being formed and covers all areas of activity in society. All countries of the world, each in their own way, are experiencing these changes and adapting to them. Thus, Chinese diplomacy, having successfully adapted to the ongoing changes in the world, is making the necessary adjustments to its foreign policy doctrine. At the same time, it remains consistent in implementing the main national idea – transforming the country into a leading world power, whose interests are taken into account by other key players. The author examines a complex of problems relating to modern Chinese diplomacy in the formation of peripheral diplomacy and dominance in the Eurasian political space. These considerations can serve as a starting point for comparing China's policies towards its traditional and non-traditional peripheries.

Key words: PRC, Eurasia, Eurasian political space, China’s periphery diplomacy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.015

HAN WENXIN Ph.D. student, Faculty of World Politics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

PUBLIC OPINION AND DECISION MAKING: HOW THE PERCEPTION OF CHINA BY AMERICAN SOCIETY AFFECTS CHANGES IN FOREIGN POLICY

The relationship between the USA and China has long played a key role on the international political stage. Despite the diverse contacts and interactions between the two countries, the perception of China by the American public is constantly changing. This study aims to delve deeply into how the American public's attitude towards China affects changes in the US foreign policy.

Over the past decades, with the rise of China, the opinion of Americans has shifted from perceiving it as a distant country with an opposing ideology to recognizing it as an economic power, which subsequently turned into a potential strategic competitor. From economic cooperation and competition to issues of human rights, freedom, and security – the diverse perception of China provides a complex context for foreign policy.

Analyzing data from several public opinion polls, we found that cooperation and competition in the economic and technological spheres often become key factors influencing public opinion. Americans hold firm views on trade and technology exchange with China, reflecting the positions of both countries on the international economic map. However, the direct connection to the economy is not always positive. For example, attention to human rights in China, press freedom, and other political issues also shapes the American public's perception of the relationship between the USA and China.

Moreover, security issues, especially in the South China Sea and Taiwan, are also important to the American public. The political and military dynamics in these regions directly affect the strategic interests and national security of the USA.

It is worth noting that while public opinion influences the shaping of foreign policy, this influence is not always decisive. Decision-making takes into account geopolitics, economic interests, long-term diplomatic strategy, and domestic political issues, which may differ from public opinion. Understanding these reasons and the balance between them is critically important for a full understanding of the relationship between public opinion and policy.

Overall, this study has shown that the perception of China by the American public indeed affects the direction and decision-making in US foreign policy. However, this influence is not unequivocal. In forming a foreign policy strategy towards China, American leaders need to consider a multitude of factors to ensure the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of their strategy.

Key words: Strategic Interests, National Security, Foreign Policy, Discussion regarding China, Chinese-American Relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.016

D.V. MEKH Student of the Department of International Relations and Customs Affairs, Baikal State University (BSU) Irkutsk, Russia

Yu.A. SHITIKOVA Senior lecturer of the Department of Russian and Intercultural Communication, Baikal State University (BSU) Irkutsk, Russia

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND JAPAN: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

In 2023, the restoration of Japan-China diplomatic relations will be 51 years old. Throughout the history of relations between the two states, instability has been their main characteristic. Periods of fruitful dialogue have been followed by cooling of relations and mutual grievances. Many factors have contributed to the formation of this characteristic feature, starting with the impact of the last Japanese-Chinese war and ending with the strengthening of mutual economic dependence. It is important to realise that the nature of diplomatic relations between the two states not only affects them but also the region as a whole, as China has been the largest economy in the Asia-Pacific region for the past 13 years, a position previously held by Japan. The shift in the centre of economic power has changed the political landscape of the region, and both states have made adjustments in the way they conduct dialogue with each other.

Key words: Japan, China, PRC, Taiwan, Senkaku, Diaoyu, historical memory, document, diplomacy, APR.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.017

G.S. VIDIAEV Postgraduate student at the Eastern Institute – School of Regional and International Studies at the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

THE PROBLEM OF HUNGER IN THE MODERN WORLD: STATUS, CAUSES AND APPROACHES TO SOLUTION

The article examines the historical context and current state of global food security, highlighting significant progress in reducing chronic undernutrition in developing countries. However, it also points to ongoing challenges such as the spread of hunger in developing countries, particularly among young children. Information for the period from 2001 to 2020 reflects changes in the number of people suffering from undernutrition and highlights the significant impact of global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The article emphasizes the ongoing relevance of the food security issue and draws attention to the continued efforts by the international community. In addition, it provides information on the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, demonstrating successful results in combating poverty and reducing undernutrition. The detailed analysis and statistical data presented in the article contribute to a deeper understanding of the global undernutrition problem and its consequences, ultimately calling for continued efforts and attention in addressing this important issue.

Key words: Food security, international cooperation, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.018

O.A. GLUBOKAYA PhD student, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, teacher of additional education, Moscow, Russia

DOCTRINAL NUANCES OF THE NATIONAL INTERESTS OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

Effective political planning in every country in the world, not excluding Italy, predetermines its sustainable development and ensuring national interests. The Mediterranean vector is one of the key foreign policy priorities. This study analyzes the doctrines and concepts used by the Italian Republic to implement a multidisciplinary strategy towards the Mediterranean region at the present stage.

The author examines the main components of political, economic and military documents that reflect Italy's interaction with the Mediterranean countries. To achieve the set goals and objectives, an analytical approach was used, based on the study of existing sources, as well as expert opinions. The author concludes about the evolution of the discursive approach to understanding the Mediterranean and suggests that Italy will not be able to demonstrate full-scale actorhood in the new conceptual framework in the medium term.

Key words: foreign policy, strategic documents, Italy, Mediterranean region, Expanded Mediterranean.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.019

CHE QINGZHOU Postgraduate student, Higher School of International Relations. The Humanitarian Institute of St. Petersburg Polytechnic University named after Peter the Great, St. Petersburg, Russia

N.P. KALASHNIKOVA Doctor of Political Sciences, Head of the Department of the Assembly of Peoples of Kazakhstan, Professor of the Eurasian N. Gumilyov National University, Astana, Kazakhstan

B.B. BYULEGENOVA Candidate of Political Sciences, Department of Political Science, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, ‎Astana, Kazakhstan

SINO-AMERICAN RELATIONS (UNDER PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA)

Relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America have always been in the spotlight of the world community. Special attention to this problem has always been focused in the USA. This issue has been the focus of attention of US President Barack Obama and the US Congress. In 2010, Barack Obama unveiled to the American public a new "US National Security Strategy", in which much attention was paid to relations with the People's Republic of China. The document stated that the new policy would be aimed at maintaining positive relations with China, eliminating distrust between the countries, encouraging the elimination of tensions between China and Taiwan, as well as promoting joint priorities such as countering climate change and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. The document also indicates that the United States plans to monitor China's military modernization program. The strategy emphasized that the United States would not agree with China on human rights issues and those areas where views differ. However, this should not prevent cooperation on issues of mutual interest. The position of the US Congress was the opposite. Congressmen actively criticized China's foreign and domestic policies. The goal of Barack Obama's policy was to attract China to the American-centric system of the world order. In words, the president called on China to partner, but in reality forced it to play by American rules.

Key words: United States of America, People's Republic of China, Sino-American relations, U.S. President, U.S. Congress, Barack Obama.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.020

LIANGBOBO Graduate student of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

INTERNATIONAL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF SOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF TERRORISM

Nowadays the ability of each state to counter the global threats effectively is of great importance. Terrorism is one of such threats. The purpose of this paper is to consider the principles of Russia’s fight against terrorism in accordance with the state's concepts of national security and foreign policy. The article used such research methods as system analysis, problem method, logical and epistemological method. The results of the study showed: in order to succeed in the fight against international terrorism, it is necessary to involve all countries in solving this problem, rather than applying a policy of "double standards". The author of the article concludes that although the fight against terrorism requires international cooperation, Russia's voice is not always heard, therefore Russia takes measures to combat terrorism, relying on its own concept of national security and pursuing national interests.

Key words: globalization, international terrorism, national security, foreign policy, Russia, the West.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.021

OGUZ SAHBAZ PhD Candidate, Diplomatic Academy of Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Moscow, Russia

IMAGE OF RUSSIA IN THE YEARS OF ARMISTICE (1918-1923) IN THE TURKISH PRESS

The article provides the presentation of Russia in Turkish printed media during the pivotal period of 1918-1923. It assesses how the Istanbul press, which was under occupation, and the Anatolian press, supported by the elites leading the National Liberation fight, influenced the perception of Russia. This analysis emphasizes the complex interaction of geopolitical, ideological, and cultural elements in shaping Russia's image in the Turkish context. The study focuses on analyzing the origin and spread of concepts such as "Islamic Bolshevism" and other political discussions pertaining to Russia that were featured in the Turkish media, emphasizing their influence on the public's views. This research makes a valuable contribution to a more nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship between the media, politics, and national identity during the early 20th century in Turkey. The changing portrayal of Russia in Turkish print media during the Armistice period provides an unparalleled viewpoint on the way in which Turkish society engaged with global geopolitical forces during a significant historical era.

Key words: image of Russia in Turkey, islamic bolshevism, political discourses on Russia.

REVIEWS AND SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS OF PUBLICATIONS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2024.55.2.022

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Science Today", Russia, Moscow

RUSSIAN-CHINESE RELATIONS: ON THE QUESTION OF THE DIRECTION OF RESEARCH CHINESE AUTHORS

The article attempts to analyze and determine the direction of recent research by Chinese authors based on publications in some Russian peer-reviewed journals from the Higher Attestation Commission list. Many publications by Chinese authors draw attention to the relevance of problems related to the impact of globalization and digitalization on economic and political relations between Russia and China. The influence of regional and international associations formed at the initiative of Russia and China on the emergence of a new model of international relations based on multipolarity is emphasized. Attention is drawn to some differences between Russia and China in the implementation of information policy.

Key words: Russian-Chinese relations, research by Chinese authors, publications in Russian journals, globalization, digitalization, the emergence of multi-polarity.

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№ 2 (55), 2024