№ 5 (51), 2023
Academic journal “Eurasian Union: Issues of International Relations. Volume 12, Issue 5 (51), 2023
CONTENTS
MODERN PROBLEMS OF POLITICAL RELATIONS
- Syzdykova Zh.S., Akinina O.G. The Role of Language Contacts in Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Central Asia
- Muamar F. Root-Causes and Solutions of the Islamic Extremism Kind of Terrorism in the Scholarly Local-Literature of the Mena Region
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES, TECHNOLOGIES
- Tushkov A.A. Russian Northern Fleet and Problems of Ensuring Strategic Stability of the Arctic Zone
WORLD ECONOMY AND PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS
- Novoselsky S.O., Smorchkova V.P., Morozova I.G. Characteristics of Digitalization of Science and Education
HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
- Suleymanov A.R. Modern Integration Theories in the Context of International Relations Turbulence: the Eurasian Dimension
- Chzhao Zhujci. Transformation of Sino-Russian Relations: Theoretical Analysis and Prospects
- Magadiev M.F. SCO as a Tool for the Foreign Policy of Russia and China: Mutual Interests and Main Areas of Cooperation
- Zakirov B.B. Prospects for Cooperation Between the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the United Nations in the Fight Against Contemporary Challenges and Threats to Security
- Kalashnikova N.P., Nurtazina R.A., Sablina M.A. Expanding Geopolitical Perspectives: China and its Contribution to the Infrastructural Development of Africa
- Krikunova S.S. The Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies to Achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Technologies on the Global Problems of Humanity, Positive and Negative Contribution to their Solution (Part I)
- Mehmet Urper. Syrian Crisis: the Place and Role of Turkey
MODERN PROBLEMS OF POLITICAL RELATIONS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.51.5.001
ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia
O.G. AKININA Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE CONTACTS IN HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE PEOPLES OF CENTRAL ASIA
This article analyzes the influence of the Arabic and Persian languages on the formation of Turkic written literature, and also notes the role of the spread of Islam in the region and its impact on the socio-political life of Central Asia. The contacts and mutual influence of the Turkic languages with those languages that surrounded them in the historical past are considered, which is of the most important scientific importance for modern linguistics, literature, history, philosophy, cultural studies and other humanitarian branches of science. In particular, as an example, the work "Kutadgu Bili"g is given, the author of which Yusuf Balasagunsky was familiar with the achievements of the Arabic and Persian literary languages. Attention is focused on the fact that Balasagunsky includes elements of the Turkic folk tradition and folklore poetry in his work. It is concluded that language contacts contribute to the enrichment of artistic and it has an impact on the cultural and historical development of the whole of Central Asia.
Key words: Central Asia, language, Islam, Arabic, Persian, Turkic.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.51.5.002
F. MUAMAR PhD Candidate, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
ROOT-CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS OF THE ISLAMIC EXTREMISM KIND OF TERRORISM IN THE SCHOLARLY LOCAL-LITERATURE OF THE MENA REGION
The paper reveals Root-Causes and solutions of the Islamic Extremism kind of Terrorism in the scholarly local-literature of the Middle East and North Africa (the MENA Region). Therefore, Islam as an ideology is addressed in this paper through Islamic books, the Quran, the Hadith (discourse), the Syrah (Mohamed’s life), and the Tafsir (explanation of the Quran, the Hadith and the Syrah). The paper describes the causes of the problem according to former terrorists, some of whom are former ISIS or Al-Qaida members or leaders. It describes the problem according to local-political leaders and according to religious organizations, such as Al-Azhar Observatory and the Union of African Muslim Scholars, from within the MENA region. Based on these, the study concludes that the local scholars have missed the real core reasons of terrorism in the MENA region. Therefore, the reasons that the local scholars have set are only manipulation to world politicians about the real causes of terrorism in the area. This manipulations by the local scholars have been working as a political umbrella to the acts of violence by extremists in the MENA region, and also fueling the problem of terrorism in the area.
Key words: MENA, Islamic, extremism, terrorism, Middle East, North Africa.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES, TECHNOLOGIES
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.51.5.003
A.A. TUSHKOV Postgraduate student of the Vladivostok State University, Vladivostok, Russia
RUSSIAN NORTHERN FLEET AND PROBLEMS OF ENSURING STRATEGIC STABILITY OF THE ARCTIC ZONE
In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 31, 2022 No. 512 of the Maritime Doctrine of the Russian Federation [4], the national maritime policy in the Arctic regional direction is built and conditioned by rich mineral and hydrocarbon resources, which are rich in the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf of the Russian Federation in the Northern Arctic Ocean. In addition, this is due to the growing importance of the Northern Sea Route in the system of world transport communications. In this regard, the Navy plays an important role in ensuring the country's defense in the Arctic zone. Taking into account these circumstances, the Maritime Doctrine outlines the priorities of the national maritime policy in this regional direction. All this gives grounds to assert the relevance of the research topic chosen by the author in this article.
Key words: Maritime doctrine of the Russian Federation, national maritime policy of Russia, Northern Fleet, Arctic regional direction, Northern Sea Route, NATO.
WORLD ECONOMY AND PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.51.5.004
S.O. NOVOSELSKY Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher at the Scientific Center for the Study of the History and Development of World Civilizations of the ANO VO «University of World Civilizations named after. V.V. Zhirinovsky», Moscow, Russia
V.P. SMORCHKOVA Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Life Safety and Civic Education Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «State University of Education», Moscow, Russia
I.G. MOROZOVA Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of International Economic Relations of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University», Kazan, Russia
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITALIZATION OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
Introduction: the article analyzes the key characteristics of the digitalization of science and education in the Russian Federation under the existing socio-economic situation. Education and science are fundamental elements of ensuring national security in the context of hybrid warfare and general geopolitical instability. Taking into account the specifics of the current stage of the formational development of society, the key vector for expanding the potential of the domestic scientific and educational space is digital transformation. The active implementation of digital platform solutions contributes to expanding the capabilities of the scientific environment and increasing the availability of educational technologies. In addition, the presence of a digital component significantly speeds up communication processes, which generate additional opportunities for increasing the quality of education, the speed of acquiring knowledge and the effectiveness of interaction in the scientific field. Taking into account the relevance of the identified factors, the relevant government authorities must create the full range of necessary conditions for the further intensification of the digitalization of science and education. The search for reserves for increasing digital activity should be based on a comprehensive retrospective diagnosis, which allows us to identify key trends and cause-and-effect relationships of the current specifics of introducing information technologies into the domestic scientific and educational space.
Goal and objectives: the goal of the work is to study the key characteristics of the digitalization of domestic science and education in the current socio-economic environment. Achieving the goal becomes a consequence of solving the following list of tasks:
– justify the relevance of intensifying the processes of digital transformation of Russian science and education;
– analyze key indicators of retrospective diagnostics of the use of digital platform solutions in the domestic scientific and educational space;
– highlight the main results of digital transformations in science and education in Russia in the focus of the billing period.
Research results: the team of authors carried out a comprehensive retrospective diagnosis of the use of digital technologies in the domestic scientific and educational space. The paper presents the results of an analysis of the dynamics and structure of costs of scientific and educational organizations for the introduction of digital technologies, and also examines the indicators of digitalization of the educational space in the context of preschool education, general education organizations, secondary vocational education and higher education. The results of the generalizations made can become a relevant information base for making relevant management decisions focused on accelerating the processes of digital transformation in conditions of socio-economic instability.
Key words: digitalization, digital transformation, science, education, sanctions, digital technologies.
HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.51.5.005
A.R. SULEYMANOV Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies Ufa State Petroleum Technical University, Ufa, Russia
MODERN INTEGRATION THEORIES IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS TURBULENCE: THE EURASIAN DIMENSION
The article provides a general analysis of the theories of international integration. Based on it, it is concluded that Eurasian integration exists at once at the global, regional (post-Soviet), and national levels. Each dimension represents a separate model of federalist, functional, communication, constructivist, managerial and network characteristics of integration.
The global level is connected with the formation of a Large Eurasian partnership in the direction from Asia to Europe. The regional level determines the future of the post-Soviet space, which has existed for more than thirty years. The national level characterizes the adaptation of states to external economic challenges in the conditions of turbulence of international relations.
The author believes that Eurasian integration is both a process, a state, an ideological construct, communication, a network and a value. To understand it, it is proposed to use the theory of ecosystems, which implies identifying patterns between its meanings, determining the significance of each basis of Eurasian integration for the ecosystem as a whole. This is the main secret of the success of its application.
Key words: Eurasian integration, turbulence, multipolarity, polycentricity, integration theories, ecosystem.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.51.5.006
CHZHAO ZHUJCI Master's degree, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Political University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
TRANSFORMATION OF SINO-RUSSIAN RELATIONS: THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS
This scientific article explores Sino-Russian relations considering theoretical analysis and future prospects. It examines the key aspects of bilateral relations between China and Russia, investigates the historical context and evolution of these relations. Furthermore, it analyzes the contemporary challenges and opportunities for the development of a strategic partnership between the two countries. Based on literary sources, analysis of political declarations, and academic works, the article provides a well-founded analysis of Sino-Russian relations and assesses their future development.
Key words: Treaty of Nerchinsk, imperialism, diplomatic relations, Cold War, socio-economic reforms, Treaty of Friendship, Good Neighborliness and Cooperation, multipolarity, energy cooperation.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.51.5.007
M.F. MAGADIEV Candidate of sociological sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration in foreign policy activities of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Russian Federation, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences Moscow, Russia
SCO AS A TOOL FOR THE FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA AND CHINA: MUTUAL INTERESTS AND MAIN AREAS OF COOPERATION
In this article, the author outlines the main directions of the policy of China and Russia within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The issue of the need to develop cooperation between these countries within the framework of the SCO is considered separately. In the context of a tense international situation, the analysis of a wide range of Russian-Chinese cooperation within the framework of the SCO becomes relevant not only from the point of view of regional development, but also from the standpoint of ensuring global security.
Key words: security, humanitarian cooperation, Russian Federation, international relations, People's Republic of China, trade and economic cooperation, global security, SCO.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.51.5.008
B.B. ZAKIROV Ph.D. student at the Department of Public Administration in Foreign Policy, Scientific specialty "International Relations" (Political Science), the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION AND THE UNITED NATIONS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND THREATS TO SECURITY
The article is devoted to the prospects of cooperation between the SCO and the UN against contemporary challenges and threats to security. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is one of the largest and most authoritative associations not only in the Eurasian space, but also in the world. Over its more than 20-year history, the SCO has come a long way and has become an integral element of the modern architecture of international relations. At the present stage, there is an intensive development of international relations of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization; this is largely due to the active role that the SCO plays in solving urgent problems in the field of regional and international security. In this regard, not only the states of the Euro-Asian region are showing increased interest in the organization, but also international organizations that are ready to closely cooperate with the SCO in a number of areas, including in the field of security. Undoubtedly, one of the most important aspects of the SCO's activities is cooperation with the UN and its specialized agencies and bodies. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization supports and complements the efforts of the United Nations to maintain international peace and security. In all likelihood, the SCO and the UN in the future will become the center of joint efforts to counter contemporary challenges and threats to security.
Key words: Shanghai Cooperation Organization, United Nations, challenges, threats, regional and global security.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.51.5.009
N.P. KALASHNIKOVA Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (ENU), Astana, Kazakhstan
R.A. NURTAZINA Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (ENU) Astana, Kazakhstan
M.A. SABLINA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), Saint-Petersburg, Russia
EXPANDING GEOPOLITICAL PERSPECTIVES: CHINA AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICA
A huge part of the planet's wealth is concentrated on the African continent. About 60% of the world's agricultural lands are located here, including those that are not yet cultivated by anyone. Deposits and reserves of natural resources, both fossil and energy, are very large. Including hydrocarbons, precious and rare earth metals, as well as renewable energy sources. In addition, there is a potentially developing huge domestic market inside Africa. At the same time, the developing Chinese economy is in dire need of sources of resources and sales markets. The combination of these reasons explains China's activity in this region, expressed in steadily increasing interstate and investment cooperation between China and African countries.
Within the framework of the work, the goal was to investigate and analyze existing Chinese infrastructure projects on the African continent at this stage, as well as to consider the potential of Sino-African cooperation and its impact on the implementation of China's geopolitical strategies.
Descriptive, analytical and comparative methods are chosen as the basis. This makes it possible to comprehensively assess not only the existing Chinese infrastructure projects in Africa, but also the impact of their implementation on bilateral Sino-African relations.
As a result of the study, it is concluded that China's interaction with Africa is based on strategic political and economic considerations and fits into the framework of a realistic paradigm of international relations. China's presence on the African continent presents both opportunities and challenges for African states, although African governments need to take the initiative to seize the potential opportunities. China's bilateral relations with African countries are characterized by frequent visits by high-level Chinese officials to African countries. This kind of diplomacy is one of the ways Beijing is trying to increase China's importance to Africa.
Key words: investment, cooperation, China, Africa, infrastructure, interests, geopolitics.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.51.5.010
S.S. KRIKUNOVA Postgraduate student of the M.M. Speransky Law Faculty of the Institute of Law and National Security of the Department of International and Integration Law of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, an external expert of the Expert Council for the Development of the Digital Economy, Technologies and Innovations of the Youth Parliament under the State Duma of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES TO ACHIEVE THE UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES ON THE GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF HUMANITY, POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THEIR SOLUTION PART I
The article examines each of the UN Sustainable Development Goals enshrined in the text of UN General Assembly Resolution No. A/70/L.1 "Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" dated September 25, 2015, in the context of their achievement through the use and dissemination of artificial intelligence technologies around the world. In addition, the paper lists ways in which UN member states and other interested parties will be able to reduce the impact on the world community of negative factors from the mass dissemination and application of artificial intelligence technologies.
Having conducted a comprehensive analysis of the currently available data, comparing the pace of progress, according to which the modernization of artificial intelligence technologies is taking place, taking into account the prospects and further vector of development of such technologies, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that currently one of the most pressing issues discussed in the field of control over the protection of global security and humanity as a whole, from the threats caused by innovative technologies in the international arena, There should be a question of starting the development of a universal international document within the UN dedicated to the legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence technologies to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Key words: artificial intelligence, achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, innovative technologies for solving global problems, the impact of artificial intelligence on life around the world, positive contribution and risks of the introduction of artificial intelligence.
DOI 10.35775/PSI.2023.51.5.011
MEHMET URPER Senior Lecturer at the Department of International humanitarian relations of St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
SYRIAN CRISIS: THE PLACE AND ROLE OF TURKEY
The focus of this article is an extremely important and relevant concept of the development of the Syrian crisis for international relations. The author of the article tries to analyze the essence of the concept of ethno-confessional groups and the development of ethno-political events in the territories of the Syrian state. Also, to demonstrate the influence of the position of these groups on the measurement of relations between internal and external actors in the Middle East region. In this regard, the subject of the study is the significant position of these ethno-confessional groups, both within the political environment of the society of the Syrian state, and in Turkey's foreign policy, in the context of Syria. The main purpose of this article is to study the conflict in the Syrian state, in which many external and internal actors are interested, which can be competitors with each other, and at the same time be employees of each other, depending on different goals and ideological moods in the region. In addition, we are trying to analyze the whole picture of the crisis in Syria, which makes it possible to understand the fact that fundamental changes are needed to restore stability in the territories of this state and the Middle East. However, it is especially important to note that in the Middle East, relations between subjects are developing in the presence of trends in international relations, namely, on the one hand, in conditions of a trend of interdependence, and on the other hand, a trend of mutual competition and rivalry. In the article, using descriptive, analytical, comparative, inductive and deductive methods, for the first time a historical and modern overview of the ethno-political essence and position of the Turkomans in the military-political events in the Middle East is presented.
Scope of the results. The results that we obtained when writing this article find their application both in the field of predicting a crisis situation and, in general, the concept of stability in the Middle East, and in analyzing important and topical issues of competition and rivalry, including the relationship between actors in the territories of the Syrian states.
Key words: Turkomans, confession, Russia, Turkey, Islam, geopolitics, ethnopolitics, geostrategy, stability, Middle East.